汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-4孔取心钻进技术

介绍了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目4号孔（WFSD-4）取心钻进施工情况,对破碎和缩径地层的取心钻进工艺和技术措施及其应用效果进行了分析和总结。     

泥质岩膨胀各向异性与循环胀缩特征

采用自主开发研制的软岩膨胀试验装置,对新生代煤系地层中泥质岩进行膨胀试验研究,分析了泥质岩膨胀各向异性以及循环胀缩特性,并结合SEM试验结果,探讨了膨胀各向异性和循环胀缩特性的形成机制。结果表明:泥质岩膨胀性随岩样端面与层理面夹角的增大而减小,具有明显的各向异性;泥质岩所含黏土矿物颗粒排列的择优取向导致了泥质岩吸水膨胀的各向异性,可通过膨胀各向异性系数进行定量描述;随着干湿循环次数的增加,泥质岩绝对膨胀率增加,趋于某一稳定值;相对膨胀率和相对收缩率降低,亦趋于某一稳定值;泥质岩循环胀缩特性是干湿循环过程中矿物颗粒排列方式改变和微裂隙萌生扩展的能量耗散共同作用的结果。     

Use of shredded tyre waste in improving the geotechnical properties of expansive black cotton soil

In recent years, geotechnical engineers are using tyre waste to alter the properties of soil for providing sustainable solutions to complex engineering problems. It is noted that black cotton soil, which is expansive in nature, covers a major portion of the Indian sub-continent, such as the Deccan plateau, Malwa plateau and a portion of Gujarat and poses challenging problems to infrastructural development in the region. In the present study, authors have characterised the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil, which is partially replaced with 4.75 mm passing – 2 mm retained (coarse fraction) and 2.0 mm passing - 75 micron retained (fine fraction) shredded tyre waste. The results of the experimental studies clearly show that partial replacement of black cotton soil with shredded tyre waste alters the geotechnical properties favourable to engineering applications and greatly reduces the swelling potential of the black cotton soil. It is noted that instead of fine fraction (2.0–0.075 mm), replacement with coarse fraction (4.75–2.00 mm) of shredded tyre waste can better be used for light weight fill behind the retaining walls as well as for embankment construction as it helps in reducing swelling pressure as well as improving the strength properties.     

层状地基中地铁施工垂直穿越既有管道变形分析:耦合方法与两阶段方法对比

地铁施工引起的临近既有管道变形是城市轨道交通建设中较为关心的施工问题。目前,针对该领域的研究一般假定地基土体均质,而没有考虑地基的自然成层性,此外大多没有考虑既有管道变形与土体自由位移场相互作用的耦合效应。为此,基于弹性层状半空间地基模型,针对隧道开挖边界引入非均匀收敛变形径向土体位移移动模式,提出了层状地基中地铁施工垂直穿越既有管道变形的耦合分析方法和两阶段分析方法,并进行了算例对比和参数分析。结果表明:耦合方法在分析非均质层状地基时具有较好的计算精度,其精度要高于基于Loganathan和Poulos公式的两阶段方法;同时,地基土体的成层性对既有地下构筑物的变形性能具有较大影响。研究成果可为合理制定城市地铁施工对周围环境影响的保护措施提供一定的理论依据。     

路面土质底基层材料干缩试验方法研究

路面土质底基层材料需具有良好的干缩性能,对土质干缩试件的尺寸、试模及测试仪器的设计、试件的制作与养生进行了探讨,论述了干燥收缩试验的机理、测试及计算方法,并列举了干缩试验的实例,提出了一种土质干缩试验方法。     

雷达资料在雷电临近预警中的应用研究

为了寻求济南地区地闪发生的临近预警指标,综合利用多普勒雷达资料、闪电定位和探空资料,对2009年7~8月和2010年6月距离齐河雷达站200km范围内的41个对流云团进行统计分析,重点是统计分析了闪电发生前的雷达回波参量特征值。初步的研究结果表明:对于该地区单独使用雷达反射率而言,最好的预警指标是在-10℃高度上出现40dBz的反射率阈值,使用这种方法的预警准确率是96%、虚警率是14%、临界成功指数是83%、平均预警时间是21min。在考虑雷达反射率的基础上再考虑最大回波顶高(≥10km)和垂直液态水含量(≥8.5kg.m-2)预警指标时,能有效降低虚假报警率和提高临界成功指数,此时选取的雷达反射率指标是在-20℃高度上出现25dBz的反射率阈值。     

基于多维分析框架的中国城市收缩时空演化特征分析

从城市收缩的维度类别、维度数量、时序演化3个方面入手,提出了一套新的多维度分析框架,并将其应用于中国城市收缩的时空演变特征分析。结果表明：1）在1995—2000、2000—2005、2005—2010和2010—2015这4个时期中,人口收缩城市占中国城市总量的比例分别为9.55％、20.34％、15.34％和19.72％;经济收缩城市占比分别为5.32％、4.85％、0.47％和8.29％;空间收缩城市占比分别为7.04%、3.44%、3.76%和1.72%。2）相对于欧美发达国家,中国的城市收缩现象并不是很严重,大部分人口收缩城市的收缩率均低于3％。3）中国的城市收缩现象存在3个悖论：93.03％的人口收缩城市的建成区面积在扩张,92.37％的人口收缩城市的国内生产总值（GDP）在增长,94.57％的经济收缩城市的建成区面积在扩张。这与中国的要素依赖型经济增长模式和地方政府的土地融资模式等存在较强的关系。文章所构建框架具有较好的灵活性和较强的适应性,有助于增强收缩城市研究的可比性。此外,该框架在推动城市多维度收缩的类型学研究,分析城市收缩的时序演化规律等方面也具有较大的潜力。     

近50年黑河流域的冰川变化遥感分析(英文)

The Heihe River Basin is the second largest inland river basin in Northwest China and it is also a hotspot in arid hydrology, water resources and other aspects of researches in cold regions. In addition, the Heihe River Basin has complete landscape, moderate watershed size, and typical social ecological environmental problems. So far, there has been no detailed assessment of glaciers change information of the whole river basin. 1:50,000 topographic map data, Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing images and digital elevation model data were used in this research. Through integrated computer automatic interpretation and visual interpretation methods, the object-oriented image feature extraction method was applied to extract glacier outline information. Glaciers change data were derived from analysis, and the glacier variation and its response to climate change in the period 1956/1963–2007/ 2011 were also analyzed. The results show that:(1) In the period 1956/1963–2007/2011, the Heihe River Basin's glaciers had an evident retreat trend, the total area of glaciers decreased from 361.69 km2 to 231.17 km~2; shrinking at a rate of 36.08%, with average single glacier area decrease 0.14 km~2; the total number of the glaciers decreased from 967 to 800.(2) Glaciers in this basin are mainly distributed at elevations of 4300–4400 m, 4400–4500 m and 4500–4600 m; and there are significant regional differences in glaciers distribution and glaciers change.(3) Compared with other western mountain glaciers, glaciers retreat in the Heihe River Basin has a higher rate.(4) Analysis of the six meteorological stations' annual average temperature and precipitation data from 1960 to 2010 suggests that the mean annual temperature increased significantly and the annual precipitation also showed an increasing trend. It is concluded that glacier shrinkage is closely related with temperature rising, besides, glacier melting caused by rising temperatures greater than glacier mass supply by increased precipitation to some extent.     

循环荷载作用下粗粒料与掺砾粘土接触面单剪试验研究

土石坝内部存在较多的接触面,在静、动力荷载作用下,接触面的力学特性对坝体的稳定性具有显著的影响。基于动态单剪仪,开展了粗粒料与掺砾粘土接触面循环单剪试验。试验结果表明,初始剪应力加载方向对相对位移有较大影响：相对位移总是在沿初始剪应力加载方向一侧较大;在一个剪切循环内,正、反向加载时,若剪应力较小,发生剪缩变形,若剪应力较大,则发生剪胀变形;卸载时试样发生剪缩变形;整个剪切循环过程中,试样总体上处于剪缩状态;循环单剪过程中,接触面抗剪强度提高;接触面抗剪强度随着法向应力的增大而增大,呈线性关系。     

Instability of a High Alpine Rock Ridge: the Lower Arête Des Cosmiques,Mont Blanc Massif,France

Rockfalls are dominant in the rock slopes and rock ridge morphodynamics in high mountain areas and endanger people who pass along or stay there, as well as infrastructure that host them (cable cars, refuges). Risks are probably greater now because of fast permafrost degradation and regression of surface ice, two consequences of the atmospheric warming of the last decades. These two commonly associated factors are involved in the instability of rock slopes by modifying the mechanical behaviour of often ice‐filled rock fractures and the mechanical constraints in the rock masses. This paper examines over 15 years the instability of the lower Arête des Cosmiques on the French side of the Mont Blanc massif. Its vulnerability is due to the presence of a high‐capacity refuge on its top (3613 m a.s.l.). In 1998, a part of the refuge was left without support when a collapse of 600 m³ occurred immediately below it. Since this date, reinforcement work has been carried out in this area, but the whole ridge has been affected by around 15 relatively shallow rockfalls. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this article assesses the role of the cryospheric factors in the triggering of these rockfalls.