结合ASIFT和归一化的抗仿射变换遥感影像盲水印算法

针对遥感影像使用过程中,含水印影像经过仿射变换后水印与影像的同步性被破坏,导致水印无法正常检测的问题,本文提出了一种适用于遥感影像的抗仿射变换盲水印算法。首先通过ASIFT算法提取影像具有仿射不变性的特征点,根据特征尺度的大小与特征点间的欧式距离筛选适量特征点,构造对应的正方形特征区域;然后通过计算特征区域的仿射不变矩得出归一化变换函数的参数,对特征区域进行归一化处理,并以归一化特征区域的不变质心为中心提取子区域作为水印嵌入区域,对该区域进行二级离散小波变换,得到水印嵌入区域的低频信息;运用量化嵌入规则将水印嵌入到低频信息中,依次进行低频信息逆小波变换,水印嵌入前后特征区域差值图像反归一化,最后将反归一化差值图像叠加在原始影像特征区域上,完成水印的嵌入。实验选用了3000像素×3000像素的高分二号遥感影像作为载体影像,含版权信息的二值图像作为水印,实验表明：含水印的遥感影像经过旋转、平移、缩放在内的仿射变换后,仍能准确提取水印信息;算法可有效抵抗加噪、滤波、裁剪等常规水印攻击,攻击后影像提取的水印与原水印相关系数均高于0.9;水印具有良好不可感知性;在水印提取时无需原始遥感影像,属于盲水印算法。     

Modelling the runoff-sediment yield relationship using a proportional function in hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, North China

Based on data observed at the 12 small watersheds in hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, North China, the relationship between event runoff volume and sediment yield is examined. The results reveal that the runoff-sediment yield relationship at the inter-event timescale is mainly determined by the runoff-sediment concentration relationship at the intra-event timescale. In the study area, the sediment concentration tends to be stable when the flow discharge exceeds a certain critical value. Many factors that are important for determining the characteristics of low-magnitude events, such as flow discharge, particle size of fluvial sediment, and accumulation of loose material on land surfaces prior to a rainstorm, appear to have little importance for high-magnitude events. Consequently, mean sediment concentration tends to be stable for large flood events, suggesting a strong similarity between the two flow-sediment relationships at inter-and intra-event temporal scales. Furthermore, a proportional function is proposed to predict event sediment yield, and the correspondence between the predicted and observed sediment yields is examined. The performance of the model is good for high-magnitude events, especially extreme events. The applicability of the proposed model at the annual timescale is also discussed.     

欠发达农区外出务工规模及影响因素分析

根据对河南省农区十村11251 户农户的入户调查资料,认为农民外出务工的数量与规模是经济因素、家庭 因素和环境因素综合作用的结果。多元回归模型显示：①外出务工经济收益与成本、家庭人口状况、农户家庭经营 地、农户家庭生活性支出等正向影响农户外出务工的规模;②农区家庭劳动力文化状况中,初中及以下学历人数正 向影响农区外出务工的规模,高中及以上学历人数负向影响农区外出务工的规模;③环境因素中,经济水平因子对 农区外出务工规模的影响是正向的,地形、通达性和土地类型等三个因子对农区外出务工规模的影响是负向的。     

Evaluation of an empirical orthogonal function–based method to downscale soil moisture patterns based on topographical attributes

Soil moisture influences many hydrologic applications including agriculture, land management and flood prediction. Most remote‐sensing methods that estimate soil moisture produce coarse resolution patterns, so methods are required to downscale such patterns to the resolutions required by these applications (e.g. 10‐ to 30‐m grid cells). At such resolutions, topography is known to affect soil moisture patterns. Although methods have been proposed to downscale soil moisture based on topography, they usually require the availability of past high‐resolution soil moisture patterns from the application region. The objective of this article is to determine whether a single topographic‐based downscaling method can be used at multiple locations without relying on detailed local observations. The evaluated downscaling method is developed on the basis of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of space–time soil moisture data at a reference catchment. The most important EOFs are then estimated from topographic attributes, and the associated expansion coefficients are estimated on the basis of the spatial‐average soil moisture. To test the portability of this EOF‐based method, it is developed separately using four data sets (Tarrawarra, Tarrawarra 2, Cache la Poudre and Satellite Station), and the relationships that are derived from these data sets to estimate the EOFs and expansion coefficients are compared. In addition, each of these downscaling methods is applied not only for the catchment where it was developed but also to the other three catchments. The results suggest that the EOF downscaling method performs well for the location where it is developed, but its performance degrades when applied to other catchments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Large-scale cold water dispersant effectiveness experiments with Alaskan crude oils and Corexit 9500 and 9527 dispersants

There continues to be reluctance in some jurisdictions to use chemical dispersants as a viable countermeasure for accidental oil spills. One argument used by some opponents to dispersant use is that “chemical dispersants do not work effectively in cold water”. To address this issue, the U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS) funded and conducted two series of large-scale dispersant experiments in very cold water at Ohmsett - The National Oil Spill Response Test Facility, located in Leonardo, New Jersey in February-March 2006 and January-March 2007. Alaska North Slope, Endicott, Northstar and Pt. McIntyre crude oils and Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 dispersants were used in the two test series. The crude oils were tested both when fresh and after weathering. Results demonstrated that both Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 dispersants were 85-99% effective in dispersing the fresh and weathered crude oils tested at cold temperatures. The MMS expects that results from these test series will assist government regulators and responders in making science based decisions on the use of dispersants as a response tool for oil spills in the Arctic.     

中国国家自然地图集Internet版的设计和研制

本文系统阐述了国家自然地图集Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ版的设计和研制过程中的若干问题,包括系统的概念设计、系统开发中的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ技术和策略,系统的主要功能和特色,以及系统维护和更新方案等。本系统从概念设计来看分为服务器端软件模块、浏览器端软件模块、国家自然地图集数据库支持等几个部分。系统开发中采取的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ技术和策略有:兼顾服务器端和客户端的综合型ＷｅｂＧＩＳ策略,基于Ｊａｖａ Ａｐｐｌｅｔ的 ＷｅｂＧＩＳ浏览器开发技术,基于Ｍａｐ Ｏｂｊｅｃｔ(ＭＯ)的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ服务器开发技术等３个方面。在系统的主要功能特色方面,本文从以下５个方面进行了论述:科学有序的内容结构、清晰精练并带导航的界面、富有特色的信息查询功能、多重表达的地图可视化效果、一定的空间信息分析和制图功能。在系统维护和更新方案上,本文从网络技术、数据更新、功能开发３个方面介绍了计划,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

GIS支持下的全球武装冲突数据体系建设评介

地缘环境安全是国家安全的重要组成部分。准确、精细、及时更新的各类地缘冲突信息是全球地缘风险评估和预警的基础。本文全面回顾了以武装冲突为核心的全球地缘冲突数据体系建设的发展历程,剖析了地理时空定位、大数据挖掘等技术的应用进展。在地理信息系统（GIS）技术支持下,对武装冲突内涵和武装冲突事件数据体系总体框架的理解不断深入,生产出一大批高质量的数据集合或数据产品;地缘冲突在主题上逐渐细化,冲突事件记载的空间定位精度从国家发展到更小尺度的地理位置（经纬度）;在网络信息搜索与大数据挖掘技术支持下,武装冲突信息的更新频率从年度更新提高到每小时更新,全球武装冲突数据体系建设初见成效。地缘环境系统科学与地理科学的深度融合、地理大数据与人工智能技术的广泛应用将是推动本学科领域发展的重要动力。     

新文化地理学视角下的国外宗教地理学研究

在文化全球化大背景下,宗教地理研究具有越来越重要的现实意义。国外宗教地理学研究在新文化地理学思潮的影响下,促生出许多新的议题和研究方向。本文依循于人文地理学中地方、景观、现代性和尺度这4 个重要概念,梳理了国外近10 年宗教地理学研究的新进展。发现其研究议题主要集中于日益重视对“非正式神圣”场所的探讨;基于人本主义研究范式下的神圣地依恋研究;随着跨国主义兴起的宗教移民身份和认同研究;宗教文化景观所暗含的政治和象征性意义的解读;宗教的多尺度分析,以及神圣与世俗间的互动分析等等。在总结国外宗教地理研究的新态势的基础上,对宗教的定义、宗教地理学与宗教性地理学的辩证关系、宗教地理学的研究趋势等进行了探讨和反思,以期为中国包括民间信仰在内的广义宗教地理的本土研究提供新的借鉴。