An elastoplastic strainhardening model for soil allowing for hydraulic bonding–debonding effects

The paper presents a strainhardening constitutive model for unsaturated soil behaviour based on energy conjugated stress variables in the framework of superposed continua. The proposed constitutive law deals with hydro‐mechanical coupling phenomena. The main purpose is to develop within a consistent framework a model that can deal with possible mechanical instabilities occurring in partially saturated materials. The loss of capillary effects during wetting processes can, in fact, play a central role in unstable processes. Therefore, it will be shown that the bonding effects due to surface tensions can be described in a mathematical framework similar to that employed for bonded geomaterials to model weathering or diagenesis effects, either mechanically or chemically induced. The results of several simulations of common laboratory tests on partially saturated soil specimens are shown. The calculated behaviour appears to be in good qualitative agreement with that observed in the laboratory. In particular it is shown that volumetric collapse phenomena due to hydraulic debonding effects can be successfully described by the model. Finally, it will be highlighted the ability of the model to naturally capture the transition to a fully saturated condition and to deal with possible mechanical instabilities in the unsaturated regime. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

秋季东海溶解态和颗粒态氨基酸的分布与组成*

本文对2012年秋季中国东海31个站位的海水样品中溶解态氨基酸（THAA）和颗粒态氨基酸（PAA）的分布与组成进行了研究。结果表明：表层海水中溶解游离氨基酸(DFAA)的平均浓度为0.12±0.04 μmol/L (0.06~0.19 μmol/L),溶解结合氨基酸(DCAA)的平均浓度为0.61±0.51 μmol/L (0.15~1.79 μmol/L),PAA的平均浓度为0.11±0.06 μmol/L (0.02~0.27 μmol/L)。THAA的水平分布特点大致为近岸高、远岸低;PAA的水平分布特点是近岸海域向远海海域分布呈现逐渐减小的趋势。THAA的垂直分布特点是由表层向底层逐渐降低。DCAA、PAA与Chl-a有很好的相关性,而DFAA与Chl-a的相关性不明显。东海表层海水中THAA的主要组分是天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸及丙氨酸,PAA的主要组分是天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸及亮氨酸。在表层海水中氨基酸是作为一个整体而对海洋生物地球化学过程产生影响的。     

Dominant amphipods of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows display considerable trophic diversity

Gut content examination and trophic markers (fatty acids, stable isotopes of C and N) were combined to delineate the diet of the dominant species of amphipods from Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows and to highlight trophic diversity among this community. Our results indicate that, although all dominant species heavily relied on macroalgal epiphytes, considerable interspecific dietary differences existed. Carbon stable isotope ratios notably showed that some of the amphipod species favored grazing on epiphytes from leaves or litter fragments (Apherusa chiereghinii, Aora spinicornis, Gammarus aequicauda), while others such as Dexamine spiniventris preferred epiphytes from rhizomes. The remaining amphipods (Caprella acanthifera, Ampithoe helleri and Gammarella fucicola) readily consumed both groups. In addition, SIAR modeling suggested that most species had a mixed diet, and relied on several food items. Fatty acid analysis and gut contents revealed that contributions of microepiphytic diatoms and of benthic and suspended particulate organic matter to the diet of amphipods were anecdotal. None of the examined species seemed to graze on their seagrass host [low 18:2(n‐6) and 18:3(n‐3) fatty acids contents], but Gammarus aequicauda partly relied on seagrass leaf detritus, as demonstrated by the lesser ¹³C‐depletion of their tissues. Overall, our findings suggest that amphipods, because of their importance in the transfer of organic matter from primary producers and detritus to higher rank consumers, are key items in P. oceanica‐associated food webs.     

压实黄土非饱和渗透系数试验研究

压实黄土非饱和渗透特性具有重要的工程意义。对不同干密度的压实黄土试样,采用非饱和导水率测定系统进行非饱和渗透系数量测,得到不同干密度压实黄土的渗透系数与吸力的关系。试验结果表明：渗透系数随吸力的增大而成非线性减小,随干密度的减小而增大;在低吸力时,干密度对渗透系数的影响较大;在较高吸力时,干密度对渗透系数的影响较小。进一步给出了压实黄土的渗透系数模型并进行回归分析,得到各Wind幂函数模型参数与干密度的关系,建立了基于干密度的压实黄土渗透系数的确定方法。     

降雨对工程弃土堆积体稳定性的影响分析

基于重庆库区工程弃土在经历极端降雨条件下达到不同的饱和度,应用GEO-SLOPE软件对其进行计算,采用非饱和土强度理论对其结果进行分析,结果表明:库区内工程弃土天然含水量较小,一定量的前期降雨量有利于增强其稳定性,但是在极端降雨情况下,高强度的降雨使土体迅速达到饱和,低强度且长时间的降雨使土体经历较长的时间达到饱和,最后由于基质吸力丧失,稳定性降低,导致滑坡。     

Analysis of fatty acid composition of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus using multivariate statistics

Fatty acids （FAs） provide energy and also can be used to trace trophic relationships among organisms. Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus goes into a state of aestivation during warm summer months. We examined fatty acid profiles in aestivated and non-aestivated A. japonicus using multivariate analyses （PERMANOVA, MDS, ANOSIM, and SIMPER）. The results indicate that the fatty acid profiles of aestivated and non-aestivated sea cucumbers differed significantly. The FAs that were produced by bacteria and brown kelp contributed the most to the differences in the fatty acid composition of aestivated and non- aestivated sea cucumbers. Aestivated sea cucumbers may synthesize FAs from heterotrophic bacteria during early aestivation, and long chain FAs such as eicosapentaenoic （EPA） and docosahexaenoic acid （DHA） that produced from intestinal degradation, are digested during deep aestivation. Specific changes in the fatty acid composition of A. japonicus during aestivation needs more detailed study in the future.     

胶洲湾5 种海藻中的多不饱和脂肪酸与有机氯农药共摄入风险的评估研究

海藻中含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),但同时也富集一定浓度的有机氯农药,食用海藻摄入多不饱和脂肪酸的同时也会摄入这类污染物,其共摄入风险分析评估是食品安全领域必须关注的科学问题。本文以胶州湾近岸采集的条斑紫菜、坛紫菜、海带、裙带菜、龙须菜等5种常见经济海藻为研究对象,分析了其脂肪酸和有机氯农药组成情况。结果表明,这5种海藻中脂肪酸以棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生四烯酸和二十碳五烯酸(DHA)为主,n-6和n-3 PUFA的比值远小于建议值4,均有较高的营养价值;5种海藻中六六六类农药主要残留的是γ-HCH,滴滴涕类农药中P,P’-DDD、P,P’-DDT残留量较高。对PUFAs中的有效成分二十碳五烯酸(EPA)+DHA与有机氯农药污染物共摄入时对人体的益害风险进行了评估,发现对于健康成人在达到EPA+DHA摄入要求下,食用这5种海藻带来的多不饱和脂肪酸与有机氯农药污染物共摄入引起非致癌或致癌的健康风险较低。     

四种绿藻和四种褐藻脂肪酸组成的比较研究

对绿藻门和褐藻门8种大型海藻的脂肪酸组成进行了研究,发现两类海藻都有其特征脂肪酸或有几种特征脂肪酸组合做为其化学分类的标记。4种绿藻的主要脂肪酸是16:0、16:1ω7、18:4ω3、18:1ω7、18:2ω6、18:3ω3、18:1ω9,其中18:1ω7和18:3ω3的含量相对较高;4种褐藻中16:0、18:1ω9、18:2ω6、18:3ω3、18:4ω3、20:5ω3、20:4ω6的含量占绝对优势,十八碳和二十碳多不饱和脂肪酸是褐藻门脂肪酸的典型特征。另外,褐藻中含有较高含量的EPA,海带和裙带菜尤为明显。对2门类5属8株海藻所含脂肪酸进行聚类分析的结果显示海藻各门及种间的亲缘关系,表明利用静态条件下海藻脂肪酸的聚类分析结果,可在一定程度上判别海藻在分类上亲缘关系的远近,海藻脂肪酸组成的差异可以作为海藻分类的一个辅助技术手段。     

四酸溶矿——电感偶合等离子体发射光谱法测定钼矿中的钼

为了适应地质找矿和地质大普查工作对矿样测定速度和正确度的要求,对钼矿样品中的钼的测定方法进行试验,探讨在敞开体系中用盐酸+硝酸+氢氟酸+高氯酸的四酸溶矿体系消解钼矿样品,使用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定钼的方法。