“海上丝绸之路”沿线重要港口竞争力评价

“海上丝绸之路”是促进亚欧和亚非互联互通的重要通道,对其沿线重要港口的竞争力研究,可以为海上丝绸之路的建设提供参考。本文综合考虑港口的自然条件、腹地环境、基础设施、服务水平、政府廉洁度,及其在航运网络中的地位差别等因素,运用熵权-层次分析法对沿线51个国家的99个重要港口的竞争力进行评价。结果表明,① 港口综合竞争力空间分布呈明显的区域化特征,且与国家经济发展水平显著相关,地中海地区港口竞争力普遍较强,亚洲次之,非洲最弱。② 港口的网络地位对竞争力的影响最大,竞争力强的港口多位于重要水域的战略通道,网络地位高,辐射范围广。③ 我国投资的部分沿线港口综合竞争力与成熟港口之间还存在一定差距,但是具备较大的竞争力提升空间。     

晋北娄烦吕梁群变质相带的划分及其成因研究

晋北娄烦吕梁群由一套经受过两期不同性质变质作用的泥砂质岩、基性火山岩和酸性流纹岩组成。早期为吕梁期变质作用,其结果使该区地层构造形迹总体上呈NE走向;晚期为西川河韧性剪切断裂所产生的区域变质作用,其结果使该区地层走向由早期的NE向扭转为近SN向,且使地层层序发生倒转,并与递增变质带的形成关系密切。选取该区中对变质温度和压力变化反映较敏感的原岩为泥砂质岩石的袁家村组和裴家庄组地层为研究对象,采用电子探针微区分析(EPMA)对沿地层走向上连续分布的特征变质矿物及矿物共生组合特征进行研究,并利用矿物对地质温度计估算该区不同采样点的变质温度和压力条件,对研究区进行变质相带的划分,确定各变质相带的变质温、压条件,并探讨其成因。研究结果表明,袁家村组和裴家庄组为等化学系列地层。沿该地层走向上:西川河断裂以北地区,从北向南,特征变质矿物绿泥石、黑云母、石榴石、十字石和蓝晶石依次规律出现;西川河断裂以南地区,红柱石和夕线石依次规律出现。根据特征变质矿物的空间分布规律、首次出现的地点及矿物共生组合特征,划分出5个变质带:绿泥石带、黑云母带、石榴石带、十字石-蓝晶石带和红柱石-夕线石带。这一完整的递增变质带可与苏格兰高地的巴罗型相媲美。矿物对地质温度计估算结果。     

碱性玄武岩形成的时限及其地质意义

中国华北克拉通及邻区的早前寒武纪不存在碱性玄武岩。全球范围内碱性玄武岩的形成也存在时限性，它们在中新生代以来相对大量的出现。碱性玄武岩可划分为钾质碱性玄武岩和钠质碱性玄武岩两大类，后者还可作进一步划分。它们在同位素组成和元素组成上存在相互过渡的变化，这与地幔源区外来加入物质的种类和比例不同有关。高压和低程度熔融是所有碱性玄武岩形成的必要条件。研究表明，碱性玄武岩形成具时限性主要与地球热状态从热向冷的历史演化有关。碱性玄武岩的形成需要地幔俯冲作用，可达到相当深度的地幔俯冲作用只是到了太古宙以后才发生，并在中新生代以来达到高潮。     

Coral assemblages and reef growth in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (Western Pacific Ocean)

Reef development varies considerably around the high, raised‐limestone islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). Here we examine the modern assemblages at 30 sites for coral composition, colony density, colony size, and fidelity. We defined four reef types and hypothesize the presence of environmentally driven ecological stasis, whereby the environment continuously selects for coral species membership, defines colony sizes, and over time creates the noted reef types. Our results show that constructional spur‐and‐groove reefs supported significantly larger coral‐colony sizes and higher coral species richness compared with high‐relief interstitial framework, low‐relief incipient, and non‐constructional coral assemblages. Non‐constructional reefs supported much smaller coral colony sizes, despite similar population densities, and were consistently found in association with high wave exposure. The distinct coral assemblages found on interstitial framework and low‐relief incipient reefs were not affiliated with any wave exposure regime, but were located adjacent to large watersheds and on islands with unique geological history. These assemblages were nested within the spur‐and‐groove species pool. Overall, modern coral cover was well predicted by bathymetric slope and watershed size, while species richness was additively influenced by two proxies of pollution, suggesting the latter is better suited for establishing management targets. In contrast with previous studies that suggested modern assemblages were biologically controlled in the CNMI, we show reef assemblages and reef development are highly influenced by long‐term environmental forcing.     

珠江口外走航ADCP资料的系统误差订正与质量控制

在对珠江口外2006年冬季航次走航ADCP观测资料处理中发现用Joyce的方法不能有效地订正系统误差,其原因在于订正角与航速、船艏向相关。给出了一个订正角为船艏向余弦的拟合函数,得出良好的订正结果。分析了VmDas软件处理流速结果的精度,给出了系统误差识别的方法。发现观测资料中一些不能为VmDas软件识别的错误数据,分析了海况对观测资料的影响,提出了观测资料质量控制与误差订正的一套程序。     

2008年南海季风爆发前后西沙海域海气通量变化特征

基于2008年4至5月在南海西沙永兴岛进行的海气通量观测试验资料和NCEP资料,应用COARE3.0通量算法计算了海气通量,分析了季风爆发前后西沙海域天气变化特点和海气通量对南海季风爆发的响应。结果表明:2008年南海季风首先于5月第1候在南海南部爆发,受热带气旋等因素的影响,北部海区季风爆发推迟到5月18日。季风爆发和热带气旋活动对西沙海域的风速和海气通量影响较大,其中热带气旋的影响更强烈。热带气旋来临之前,潜热通量、感热通量以及动量通量均较小;在气旋活动及此后的季风爆发时期,大风使潜热通量和动量通量显著增强,感热通量则在降水期间变化明显;动量通量的最大值出现在热带气旋活动期间,其在此过程中的均值是观测初期均值的3倍以上。在整个观测过程中,潜热通量明显大于感热通量,后者是前者的16∶1。不同类型天气过程中,潜热通量的日变化相似,而感热通量的日变化有差异。湍流交换系数与风速有较好的相关关系。     

The relationship between the canonical ENSO and the phase transition of the Antarctic oscillation at the quasi-quadrennial timescale

A correlation analysis is performed to investigate the relationship between El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Antarctic oscillation (AAO) at the quasi-quadrennial (QQ) timescale.It is found that the cold tongue index (CTI) and the AAO index (AAOI) are negatively correlated with about a 7-month lead-time,while they are positively correlated with about a 15-month lag-time.To further explore this relationship,complex empirical orthogonal function analysis is employed in the QQ sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies from 1951 to 2002.The results indicate that,during the ENSO cycle,there exists one kind of global tropical wave of wavenumber 1 (GTW1) propagating eastward.With the traveling of GTW1,the tropical SLP anomaly tends to intrude into the southern mid-latitudes.Accordingly,three strong signals travel synchronously along the circumSouth-Pacific path,and a relatively weak signal extends eastward and poleward over the South Ocean in the Atlantic-Indian Ocean sector.Following the propagation of these signals,the AAO phase tends to be reversed progressively.As a result,there exists an evident lead-lag correlation between CTI and AAOI.It can be concluded that ENSO plays a key role in the phase transition of AAO at the QQ timescale.It is also noticed that this regular relationship is only evident in the canonical ENSO events,for which sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies extend westward from the tropical eastern Pacific.On the other hand,the similar relationships are not found among those atypical ENSO events for which SST anomalies spread eastward from the central Pacific,such as the 1982-1983 ENSO event.     

The relationship between soft-bottom macrobenthic communities and environmental variables off Ningjin, eastern Shandong Peninsula

Macrobenthic infauna and associated environmental factors influencing the benthic community in the eastern coastal region of Shandong Peninsula were analyzed in four seasonal surveys from January 2007 to October 2007 (30 stations in winter, 20 stations in other three seasons), in order to understand the community structure and the factors unfluencing the benthic distribution. PRIMER 6.0 and SPSS 15.0 software packages were adopted to analyze the environmental and macrobenthic data. The results show that there were 260 macrobenthic species in total collected from the research region. The composition of species is:Polychaeta (94 species), Crustacea (75), Mollusca (56) and Echinoderm (12), among which, only 23 species were common species in the cruises of every season. The dominant species varied from season to season; however, the polychaete species Paralacydonia paradoxa Fauvel and Echinoderm species Amphioplus japonicus (Matsumoto) were always present year-round. The abundance and biomass of the macrobenthos in the research region were variable from season to season. The results of CLUSTER and MDS analysis show that the similarities of macrobenthic structures between the stations were low; most of the similarities were at about 30% of similarity value, only two stations were up to 70%. In accordance with the similarity values of the macrobenthic structures, we divided the 20 stations into five groups by arbitrary similarity level of 30%. The ABC curve indicates that the marcofauna communities in the research region had not been disturbed massively, except two stations, SB1 and SB3. Ecologically, benthos were controlled by a combination of factors such as salinity, phytoplankton, zooplankton, SiO₃-Si and temperature, and no single factor could be considered as an ecological master factor.     

Introducing a transferable fishing day management regime for Pacific Island countries

On 1 December 2007, eight ‘Small Island Developing States’ in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean implemented a management regime restricting the total number of days fished by tuna purse seine vessels within their waters, commonly referred to as the Vessel Day Scheme (VDS). The VDS is seen as one component of management arrangements to reduce fishing mortality on bigeye and yellowfin tuna, constrain fishing effort, and increase the rate of return from access fees by Distant Water Fishing Nations.     

长江口海域悬浮颗粒有机物的稳定氮同位素分布及其生物地球化学意义

对2006年2,5,8,11月份长江口海域表层水体中的悬浮颗粒物(SPM)进行稳定氮同位素分析,根据不同季节、不同区域内其1δ5N值的变化研究水体中氮的迁移、转化等生物地球化学过程,揭示其环境行为,从而对该海域的氮循环机制进行探索。研究发现:该海域悬浮颗粒有机物的稳定氮同位素组成(1δ5Np)分布范围较宽,在0.6‰~8.2‰之间,具有明显的时空分布特点,反映了不同程度的陆源输入和氮的生物地球化学过程的影响。口门内,表层水体中1δ5Np的变化主要受长江径流的陆源输入影响,生物地球化学作用影响较弱;最大浑浊带,水体中的悬浮颗粒有机氮受微生物的降解活动影响明显,各季节均存在不同程度的颗粒物分解作用;外海区,陆源输入减弱,悬浮颗粒物的δ15Np值主要受微藻的同化吸收作用以及一定程度的颗粒物分解作用影响。