Evaluation of a capture zone overlay method for designing groundwater remediation systems

 Simplified approaches are often used to model the removal of groundwater contamination. These approaches can yield poor remediation schemes because they incorrectly portray the effects of multiple pumping wells. In this study, a pumping configuration designed by graphically overlaying capture zones having an identical, quasi-elliptical shape was evaluated with a numerical mass transport model. After a 3-year period (within which the hypothetical aquifer was to be remediated) the contaminant mass had been reduced by 77%. Due to stagnation zones which developed between extraction wells, approximately 15 years of pumping was required to remediate the aquifer with the overlay configuration. An alternative design, consisting of an extraction well between two injection wells along the long axis of the plume, removed the contaminant within the 3-year design period. Received: 23 October 1995 · Accepted: 18 June 1996     

基于无人机传感器数据与词袋模型的点云自动化分类

激光点云分类是Li DAR数据应用的关键步骤和重要研究课题。针对Li DAR点云数据识别率低的问题,以体素化的点云为研究对象,提出了一种基于词袋模型的城区机载Li DAR点云数据分类方法。考虑到点云数据缺乏纹理信息,文中综合分析了点云数据和影像数据的特点,以点为单位提取描述点云的几何特征和影像特征分类特征;以体素为单位分割点云数据,并以体素为基础构建描述场景信息的词袋模型;最后基于随机分类器完成场景的分类。文中以ISPRS提供的Vaihingen数据作为实验数据。实验结果表明,本文提出的模型能有效地改善点云的分类质量,分类正确率能达到93%以上。     

Metamorphism of carbonaceous material in the Tono contact aureole, Kitakami Mountains, Japan

Abstract Optical and X-ray studies of carbonaceous material in the Tono contact metamorphic aureole, Kitakami Mountains, northeast Japan, have revealed that metamorphic graphitization proceeded through two discontinuous changes: first, optically anisotropic domains develop within the coaly phytoclast, forming transitional material, and then, ordered graphite crystallizes by the decomposition of pre-existing carbonaceous materials. Coaly material disappears in the uppermost chlorite zone. Transitional material appears in the middle of the lower chlorite zone. Graphite appears in the upper chlorite zone and its modal abundance increases across the andalusite iso-grad to the cordierite isograd where all the carbonaceous materials have converted to graphite. The apparently continuous variation in the crystallographic parameters of the bulk carbonaceous material during graphitization is largely due to variation in the modal proportions of three types of carbonaceous materials. The temperature of graphitization in the present area is at least 100°C higher than the temperature in the Sanbagawa and New Caledonia high-pressure metamorphic terrains, probably due to the slow reaction rate of metamorphic graphitization and to the short duration of contact metamorphism.     

阿尔金山东段地质热年代学与构造演化

文中综合分析了青藏高原北缘阿尔金山东段地质热年代学和构造体系演化。阿尔金山东段从太古宙陆核发育而来,经历了元古宙稳定地台和新元古代大陆裂解阶段,形成了早古生代阿尔金洋和沟 弧 盆构造体系,发育了奥陶纪早期的板块俯冲、碰撞造山作用和奥陶纪-志留纪之交的岛弧岩浆活动(峰期年龄为443 Ma)。石炭纪洋盆闭合之后,该地区进入陆内构造发育阶段。其中,占主导地位的是以拉配泉断裂为代表的中生代伸展构造和新生代阿尔金断裂系的左行走滑断裂活动,它们分别控制了中生代两期热冷却事件和新生代地块快速抬升 冷却事件。地质热年代学年龄数据为阿尔金山东段不同时期形成的不同地块勾画了不同的热冷却历史,由此可区分不同时期不同构造事件对区域热冷却历史的影响。     

The Distribution of Petroleum Resources and Characteristics of Main Petroliferous Basins along the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road

The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, abbreviated as the Belt and Road Initiative, is a primary development strategy of China’s future international cooperation. Especially, the energy resource cooperation, including oil and gas resources cooperation, is an important part of this initiative. The Belt and Road has undergone complicated geological evolution, and contains abundant mineral resources such as oil, gas, coal, uranium, iron, copper, gold and manganese ore resources. Among these, Africa holds 7.8% of the world’s total proven oil reserves. The oil and gas resources in Africa are relatively concentrated, with an overall low exploration degree and small consumption demand. Nigeria and Libya contain the most abundant oil resources in Africa, accounting for 2.2% and 2.9% of the world’s total reserves, respectively. Nigeria and Algeria hold the richest natural gas resources in Africa, occupying 2.8% and 2.4% of the world’s total reserves, respectively. Africa’s oil and gas resources are mainly concentrated in Egypt, Sultan and Western Sahara regions in the northern Africa, and the Gulf of Guinea, Niger River and Congo River area in the western Africa. The Russia–Central Asia area holds rich petroleum resources in Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The potential oil and gas areas include the West Siberia Basin, East Siberia Basin and sea continental shelf in Russia, the northern and central Caspian Basin in Kazakhstan, the right bank of the Amu-Darya Basin, the East Karakum uplift and the South Caspian Basin in Turkmenistan, and the Amu–Daria Basin, Fergana Basin, Afghan–Tajik Basin and North Ustyurt Basin in Uzbekistan. The Middle East oil and gas resources are mainly distributed in the Zagros foreland basin and Arabian continental margin basin, and the main oil-producing countries include Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq. The Asia Pacific region is a new oil and gas consumption center, with rapid growth of oil and gas demand. In 2012, this region consumed about 33.6% of the world’s total oil consumption and 18.9% of the world’s total natural gas consumption, which has been ranked the world’s largest oil and gas consumption center. The oil and gas resources are concentrated in China, Indosinian, Malaysia, Australia and India. The abundant European proven crude oil reserves are in Norway, Britain and Denmark and also rich natural gas resources in Norway, Holland and Britain. Norway and Britain contain about 77.5% of European proven oil reserves, which accounts for only 0.9% of the world’s proven reserves. The Europe includes main petroliferous basins of the Voring Basin, Anglo–Dutch Basin, Northwest German Basin, Northeast German–Polish Basin and Carpathian Basin. According to the analysis of source rocks, reservoir rocks, cap rocks and traps for the main petroliferous basins, the potential oil and gas prospecting targets in the Belt and Road are mainly the Zagros Basin and Arabic Platform in the Middle East, the East Barents Sea Basin and the East Siberia Basin in Russia–Central Asia, the Niger Delta Basin, East African rift system and the Australia Northwest Shelf. With the development of oil and gas theory and exploration technology, unconventional petroleum resources will play an increasingly important role in oil and gas industry.     

汶川Ms8级地震形成的擦痕形迹及其意义探讨

2008年5月12日14时28分(北京时间)中国四川省汶川县境内发生里氏80级地震。北川-映秀断裂是汶川Ms8级地震的发震断裂之一,以逆(右行)走滑活动为主,延伸长约220 km,活动强度大于其他两条断裂。主震在北川-映秀地表破裂带局部地点形成清晰的擦痕,它的位置和规模可能是深部破裂滑动量峰值在地表的响应。根据断层擦痕反映的应力场及位移与破裂长度关系等特征,将北川-映秀破裂带分为虹口段、北川段、南坝段。虹口段长度约22~45 km,同震位移量约45 m,σ1呈NWW-NW向,至少经历了三期活动,第三期逆冲活动强度最大,改造前两期逆(右行)走滑活动,它们的形成可能均与本次主震相关;北川段长约90~100 km,同震位移量约35 m,σ1呈NWW向近水平,活动强度弱于虹口第三期;南坝段长约35~50 km,同震位移量约25 m,以NWW向近水平挤压为特征,σ1方位角与中、南段相差约180°,活动强度与南段前两期相近。     

坦桑尼亚姆瓦莫拉金矿综合找矿模式

坦桑尼亚Mwamola金矿位于坦桑尼亚环维多利亚湖区域的太古宙卡哈马(Kahama)绿岩带,是典型的铁建造(BIF)型金矿,为一大型隐伏矿床,因此建立Mwamola金矿床综合找矿模式,对寻找同类型矿床具有重要意义。太古宙卡哈马绿岩带是坦桑尼亚重要的成矿带,已发现金矿床和矿点多处,Mwamola金矿是代表性矿床之一,矿体呈层状、似层状,受地层和剪切带双重控制,矿化作用局限于条带状铁建造地层和岩性单元。地面高精度磁测高强度负异常能有效地识别控矿地层—条带状含铁建造带或矿化带,激发极化测深显示的"低阻高极化"异常可对条带状含铁建造和金矿体进行空间定位。岩石地球化学测量表明矿体上Au、As、Sb具强富集特性,且Au与As、Sb具有明显的相关性。本文根据地质、地球物理和地球化学信息,建立了Mwamola金矿地质、物化探综合找矿模式,提出了一套有效的找矿方法组合,为该绿岩带铁建造型金矿的勘查和评价提供指导。     

2012-2019年河北省不同气候区酸雨特征及影响因子分析

利用河北省20个酸雨观测站2012—2019年的酸雨观测日数据和2013—2019年的SO₂、CO、NO₂、O₃、PM₁₀、PM_2.5环境气象逐日数据，分析了河北省不同气候区酸雨特征及其与其他要素的关系。结果表明：(1)近8年来，强、弱酸雨日数呈逐年减少趋势。强、弱酸雨在燕山丘陵气候区与冀东平原气候区交界的东部发生概率均较其他地区高。此外，弱酸雨在太行山气候区与山前平原气候区交界的南部发生概率较高。(2)当降水级别为小雨，太行山气候区主导风向为北风、山前平原气候区主导风向为东北风、冀东平原气候区主导风向为东北风、燕山丘陵气候区主导风向为东风、冀北高原气候区主导风向为东南风，有利于河北省各气候区发生强酸雨。(3)冀北高原气候区及山前平原气候区发生大雨及以上级别的降水事件时，对SO₂、NO₂清除效果较好；燕山丘陵气候区、太行山气候区及冀东平原气候区发生中小雨级别的降水事件时，对SO₂、NO₂清除...     

1981—2019年四川省霾日时空变化特征及成因分析

利用1981—2019年气象观测资料,分析了四川霾日的时空变化特征,并分析了污染物排放量和气象条件变化对霾日的影响。结果表明:(1)四川盆地为霾日高发区,年均霾日达53.7 d,其中轻、中、重度霾日数分别为26.9、24.1和2.7 d,川西高原年均霾日数不足1 d。霾日高值区主要分布在盆地的中部、东部及南部,轻、中、重度霾日高值区分布与霾日基本一致。(2)近39 a盆地霾日总体呈下降趋势,气候倾向率为-0.03 d/10 a,霾日数及霾分布范围在20世纪90年代达到最大,进入21世纪后霾日数和霾范围呈减小趋势。(3)霾在冬季发生频繁,冬季年均霾日数达24.7d,且盆地大部地区超过30 d。(4)近39 a盆地共发生持续性霾12 782次,自贡市、德阳市、内江市、乐山市为持续性霾的高发区;盆地共发生区域持续性霾509次,其中10 d的区域持续性霾发生的次数最多,占比为87.8%。(5)盆地霾天气的主要贡献污染物为PM2.5和PM10。二者排放量在20世纪90年代达到最大,进入21世纪后开始减少,21世纪10年代减少最为明显。21世纪10年代前盆地平均气温升高、相对湿度下降,污染物的排放与气象条件的共同作用,导致霾事件出现频率较高。随着城市生态文明的建设与治理,在21世纪10年代,盆地区域污染物排放减少,区域升温率减小,相对湿度显著升高,霾出现频率有所降低。