Simulated Impacts of Sulfate and Nitrate Aerosol Formation on Surface-Layer Ozone Concentrations in China

The authors quantify the impacts of sulfate and nitrate aerosol formation on surface-layer 03 concentrations over China using the one-way nested-grid capa- bility of the global three-dimensional Goddard Earth Ob- serving System chemical transport model （GEOS-Chem）. Chemical reactions associated with sulfate formation are simulated to generally increase 03 concentrations in China. Over the North China Plain （NCP） and the Si- chuan Basin （SCB）, where simulated sulfate concentra- tions are the largest, ozone concentrations show maximum increases in spring by 1.8 ppbv （3.2%） in the NCP and by 2.6 ppbv （3.7%） in the SCB. On the contrary, nitrate formation is simulated to reduce 03 concentrations by up to 1.0 ppbv in eastern China, with the largest reduc- tions of 1.0 ppbv （1.4%） in summer over the NCE Ac- counting for the formation of both sulfate and nitrate, the surface-layer O3 concentrations over a large fraction of eastern China are simulated to increase in winter, spring, and autumn, dominated by the impact of sulfate forma- tion, but to decrease in summer because of the dominant contribution from nitrate formation.     

基于全球导航卫星系统资料的短时降水预报

根据大气对天顶对流层延迟(Zenith Tropospheric Delay, ZTD)影响的变化特征,提出并实现了一种无气象数据短时降水预报的方法。利用2015年5—6月浙江连续运行参考站(Continuously Operating Reference Station, CORS)网的全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)观测数据和对应每小时的降水量信息对该方法进行验证,结果表明该方法能够预测出80%以上的降水事件,与国际上利用气象数据根据大气可降水量(Precipitable Water Vapor, PWV)预测出的结果精度相当。表明脱离地面实测气象数据仅利用ZTD对短时降水进行预报可行有效,对于降水的短时预报具有重要研究意义和应用价值。     

Air-sea interactions associated with tropospheric biennial oscillation in South China Sea summer monsoon and their effects on El Niño-Southern Oscillation

The South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) behaves with prominent climate variability from the intraseasonal to interdecadal time scales. On the interannual time scale, the biennial variability (so-called tropospheric biennial oscillation, TBO) is as important as the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) period. Some observed data sets, including reanalysis data, are used to explore the associated air-sea interactive physical processes and how the SCSSM TBO affects the ENSO. The results show that the shearing vorticity induced by the north Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) and the anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone both contribute to the TBO in the SCSSM. The results also indicate that the ENSO has a weak effect on the SCSSM TBO, whereas the latter affects the ENSO to some extent.     

GPS监测水汽与水汽辐射计数据的对比研究

针对水汽辐射计观测数据和并址的GPS观测数据,用GAMIT软件求解了台站的天顶总延迟和湿项延迟。运用湿项延迟与水汽含量之间的转换关系,对GPS监测的大气可降水量与水汽辐射计观测的水汽含量进行了对比研究,得出结果：由GAMIT解算出的水汽含量与WVR观测值的差值平均值为0．02mm,均方差为0．02mm,由气象文件求出的水汽含量与WVR观测值的差值平均值为0．03mm,均方差为0．02mm。表明用地面GPS监测大气水汽含量是完全可行的。     

基于OMI的亚洲地区对流层NO2高分辨率反演产品POMINO v2.1及其与其他产品的定量对比

对流层二氧化氮(NO₂)是一种重要的痕量污染气体。现有基于OMI卫星探测器、覆盖亚洲地区的NO₂公开产品QA4ECV、OMNO2和POMINO受到广泛使用,然而对于这3个产品的差异的定量认识仍然不足。我们将前期开发的POMINO产品进行了改进和优化,更新至v2.1并将反演区域扩大至覆盖东亚、东南亚和南亚大部分地区,随后定量分析了QA4ECV、OMNO2 v4和POMINO v2.1对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度在2015年—2020年在不同采样条件下的异同。结果显示,POMINO版本的更新对自身NO₂柱浓度反演结果的整体影响较小(<10%)。当3个产品均基于POMINO v2.1进行一致采样时,产品之间在整个亚洲区域的平均差异约为10%,在京津冀等污染地区的差异最高可达40%。3个产品均显示,京津冀地区NO₂柱浓度在五年间下降了约30%,而长三角地区的变化趋势较小。当3个产品进行分别采样时,POMINO v2.1的有效数据量比其他两个产品增加了11%—44%,特别是更好地保留了重...     

准实时地基GPS可降水量的解算方案与可靠性研究

对准实时地基GPS可降水量的解算方案与可靠性的探讨,围绕三个方面展开:准实时GPS对流层延迟解算的最佳方案的确定;GPS可降水量与无线电探空资料的比较;GPS可降水量与水汽辐射计数据的比较。为了实时应用于气象领域,准实时对流层延迟的最佳方案为快速预报星历松弛解。在快速预报星历松弛解GPS可降水量与无线电探空数据的比较中,两者的相关性为0.88,绝对值均值为5.4 mm。GPS可降水量与水汽辐射计资料比较得到两者差值的均方根为1.68 mm。最后得到了最佳的准实时地基GPS可降水量的解算方案和在气象领域可降水量的反演的可行性的结论。     

基于TUV模式的银川光化辐射通量特征及其影响因子

利用TUV模式计算分析了银川光化辐射通量变化特征,探讨了云、气溶胶、臭氧柱浓度、NO₂柱浓度等因子对银川光化辐射通量的影响。结果表明：2019年7—9月银川月平均光化辐射通量分别为6.5E+16光子数·cm^-2·s^-1、5.6E+16光子数·cm^-2·s^-1和4.7E+16光子数·cm^-2·s^-1,日最大值出现在13:00;波长小于325 nm时,光化辐射通量随波长增加缓慢上升,波长在325—480 nm之间时,光化辐射通量迅速升高,波长大于480 nm时,光化辐射通量随波长增加变化较小,此特征在中午前后较早晚表现更明显;云光学厚度和气溶胶光学厚度对光化辐射通量的衰减作用具有明显的“U”型日变化特征,比较而言,气溶胶光学厚度对光化辐射通量衰减作用的“U”型波形更为宽广;光化辐射通量衰减率对较低的云光学厚度的变化更敏感;光化辐射通量随气溶胶光学厚度增加而减小的变率要比随云光学厚度增加而减小的变率小;光化辐射通量对单次散射反照比大于0.6...     

空气污染-气候相互作用:IPCC AR6的结论解读

本文解读最近发布的政府间气候变化专门委员会（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC）第六次气候变化评估报告（Sixth Assessment Report,AR6）关于空气污染-气候相互作用的主要新结论。在大气污染物的气候效应方面,AR6估算了大气污染物或其前体物排放变化导致的有效辐射强迫值（Effective Radiative Forcing,ERF）,对评估大气污染治理可能产生的气候效应具有启示性意义。AR6也估算出1750—2019年间人为强迫导致的全球平均地表温度（Global mean Surface Air Temperature,GSAT）变化为1.29（0.99～1.65）℃,其中,均匀混合温室气体、臭氧、气溶胶导致的温度变化分别为1.58（1.17～2.17）℃、0.23（0.11～0.39）℃、-0.50（-0.22～-0.96）℃。气溶胶历史变化的气候效应中,起决定性作用的是由SO₂排放变化通过气溶胶-云相互作用所产生的ERF （高信度）,从而部分抵消了人为排放温室气体所引起的变暖（高信度）。在气候变化影响大气污染物方面,AR6首次评估获得了地表臭氧浓度对温度的敏感性,在偏远地区为-0.2 ～-2 nL·L^-1·℃^-1、在污染区为0.2 ～2 nL·L^-1·℃^-1。在大多数陆地区域,关于气候变化是增加还是减少PM_2.5,目前模式结果结论的一致性较低。     

Weakening of Indian summer monsoon in recent decades

The analysis of 43 years of NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data and station observations reveals the connections between tropospheric temperature variations and the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon circulation. The Indian summer monsoon variation is strongly linked to tropospheric temperature over East Asia, showing significant positive correlations of mean tropospheric temperature with all-Indian summer rainfall and the monsoon circulation intensity. The result shows that Indian summer monsoon circulation underwent two weakening processes in recent decades. The first occurred in circa the mid-1960s, and the other occurred in circa the late 1970s. The finding indicates that the mean tropospheric temperature may play a crucial role in the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon intensity via changing land-sea thermal contrast. The role of the tropospheric temperature contrast between East Asia and the tropical area from the eastern Indian Ocean to the tropical western Pacific is to weaken the Indian summer monsoon circulation.     

IMPACTS OF OZONE CONCENTRATION CHANGES ON CROPS AND VEGETABLES IN CHINA

The controlled simulation experiments revealed that ozone concentration increases cause various degrees of injury to leaves of crop and vegetable.The injury to vegetables is greater than that to crops.Ozone can dramatically affect stomatal conductance,photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,and consequently the yield of crops.No matter how long exposure time was, stomatal conductance increased and photosynthetic and transpiration rates decreased with increases in ozone concentration.When ozone concentration was 100 nmol/mol,yields of rice and winter wheat declined by 27.1% and 60.5% respectively.When up to 200 nmol/mol,there was a significant reduction of yields:a decline up to 33.7% for rice and 81.3% for winter wheat.On the other hand,ozone benefits the improvement of grain quality such as amino acid and protein.