南极臭氧洞研究综述

本文根据迄今为止对南极臭氧洞研究的成果,综述了南极臭氧洞形成的诸种原因。研究表明人类排放到大气中的污染物氟里昂,通过发生在极地平流层云表面上的非均相化学反应所分解出的活跃的氯基,经过光化学反应过程大量分解臭氧是出现南极臭氧洞的内部原因;太阳活动、大气长波辐射及大气环流造成南极平流层环极涡旋中出现的极地平流层云,可能是形成南极臭氧洞的外部条件。南极臭氧洞的闭合很可能是南半球春季逐渐增强的行星波活动往南极平流层输送的臭氧增多的结果。同时讨论了南极臭氧洞未来的可能趋势,估计南极臭氧洞可能会持续下去,并随着大气环流的波动,其程度和范围也会出现波动。     

ADVANCE IN STUDIES OF TROPOSPHERIC BIENNIAL OSCILLATION

There are obvious biennial phenomena of circulation, meteorological and climatic elements in the troposphere, named as Tropospheric (Quasi-) Biennial Oscillation (TBO). Many phenomena of TBO are discovered, such as variations of TBO in tropospheric temperature, pressure, winds field, monsoon and subtropical high etc. The mechanism of TBO is explored and the results demonstrate that tropical ocean (the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, mainly) and Stratospheric QBO play important roles in the TBO. In addition, Eurasian snow cover and solar activity of 11yr period can affect TBO very possibly.     

GPS气象的可靠性检核研究

本文通过对GPS湿延迟和水汽辐射计、GPS可降水量与无线电探空资料的比较,进行了GPS气象可靠性检核研究。得出如下结论:GPS可降水量序列与无线电探空的相关性可达0.94;差值均值为-0.24mm;均方根4.0mm。文中对用精密星历及快速预报星历计算所得的GPS湿延迟和水汽辐射计数据进行了比较,在发展趋势上水汽辐射计观测数据与快速预报/精密星历解算出的对流层湿延迟相近,且经过精密星历与快速预报星历反演所得出的的对流层延迟与水汽辐射计数据的差值的均方根分别为1.51cm、1.52cm。     

A Comparison of Match Ozonesonde-Derived and 3D Model Ozone Loss Rates in the Arctic Polar Vortex during the Winters of 1994/95 and 1995/96

Ozone loss rates from ozonesonde data reported in the Match experiments of winters 1994/95 and 1995/96 inside the Arctic polar vortex are compared with simulations of the same winters performed using the SLIMCAT 3D chemistry and transport model. For 1994/95 SLIMCAT reproduces the location and timing of the diagnosed ozone destruction, reaching 10 ppbv/sunlit hour in late January as observed. SLIMCAT underestimates the loss rates observed in February and March by 1–3 ppbv/sunlit hour. By the end of March, SLIMCAT ozone exceeds the observations by 25–35%. In January 1995 the ozonesonde-derived loss rates at levels above 525 K are not chemical in origin but due to poor conservation of air parcels. Correcting temperature biases in the model forcing data significantly improved the agreement between the model and observed ozone at the end of winter 1994/95, increasing ozone destruction in SLIMCAT in February and March. The SLIMCAT simulation of winter 1995/96 does not reproduce the maximum ozone loss rates diagnosed by Match of 13 ppbv/sunlit hour. Comparing the data for the two winters reveals that the SLIMCAT photochemistry is least able to reproduce observed losses at low temperatures or when low temperatures coincide with high solar zenith angles (SZA). When cold (T = 192 K), high SZA (90°)matches are excluded from the 1995/96 analysis, agreement between the diagnoses and SLIMCAT is better with ozone loss rates of up to 6 ppbv/sunlit hour. For the rest of the winter SLIMCAT consistently underestimates the Match rates of ozone loss by 1–3 ppbv/sunlit hour. In March 1996 the monthly mean SLIMCAT ozone is 50% greater than observations at 430–540 K. In both winters, ozone destruction rates peaked more rapidly and declined more slowly in the Match observations than in the SLIMCAT simulations. The differences between the observed and modelled cumulative ozone losses demonstrate that the total ozone destruction by the end of the winter is sensitive to errors in the instantaneous ozone loss rates of 1–3 ppbv/sunlit hour.     

Temperature and ozone variations in the stratosphere

Examined are temperature and ozone variations in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere during the period 1958–77, as estimated from radiosondes rocketsondes, ozonesondes, and Umkehr measurements. The temperature variation in the low tropical stratosphere is a combination of the variation associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation, and a variation nearly out of phase with the pronounced 3-yearly temperature oscillation (Southern Oscillation) present in the tropical troposphere since 1963. Based on radiosonde and rocketsonde data, the quasibiennial temperature oscillation can be traced as high as the stratopause, the phase varying with both height and latitude. However, the rocketsonde-derived temperature decrease of several degrees Celsius in the 25–55 km layer of the Western Hemisphere between 1969 (sunspot maximum) and 1976 (sunspot minimum) is not apparent in high-level radiosonde data, so that caution is advised with respect to a possible solar-terrestrial relation.There has been a strong quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone in the 8–16 km layer of the north polar region, with ozone minimum near the time of quasi-biennial west wind maximum at a height of 20 km in the tropics. A quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone (of similar phase) is also apparent from both ozonesonde data and Umkehr measurements in 8–16 and 16–24 km layers of north temperate latitudes, but not higher up. Both measurement techniques also suggest a slight overall ozone decrease in the same layers between 1969 and 1976, but no overall ozone change in the 24–32 km layer. Umkehr measurements indicate a significant 6–8% increase in ozone amount in all stratospheric layers between 1964 and 1970, and in 1977 the ozone amount in the 32–46 km layer was still 4% above average despite the predicted depletion due to fluorocarbon emissions. The decrease in ozone in the 32–46 km, layer of mid latitudes following the volcanic eruptions of Agung and Fuego is believed to be mostly fictitious and due to the bias introduced into the Umkehr technique by stratospheric aerosols of volcanic origin. Above-average water vapor amounts in the low stratosphere at Washington, DC, appear closely related to warm tropospheric temperatures in the tropics, presumably reflecting variations in strength of the Hadley circulation.     

中部型ENSO和平流层准两年振荡对冬季北半球平流层臭氧的联合调制作用

利用观测和再分析资料通过合成分析方法,研究了中部型ENSO和平流层准两年振荡（QBO）对冬季北半球平流层臭氧的独立影响和联合调制作用。研究表明,北半球平流层臭氧在中部型厄尔尼诺年增加,而在中部型拉尼娜年减少;准两年振荡东风位相年份,北半球平流层臭氧增加,准两年振荡西风位相结果则相反。相比之下,北半球中、高纬度平流层臭氧异常对准两年振荡活动的响应明显小于其对ENSO活动的响应。进一步研究发现,准两年振荡东风位相会加强中部型厄尔尼诺事件引起的北半球平流层臭氧的增加,而减弱中部型拉尼娜事件造成的平流层臭氧的减少。在准两年振荡西风位相下,中部型厄尔尼诺事件仅导致北半球平流层臭氧含量少量升高,而中部型拉尼娜事件期间臭氧会大幅度减少。因此,准两年振荡东风位相会加强中部型厄尔尼诺事件对北半球平流层臭氧的影响,而减弱中部型拉尼娜事件对北半球平流层臭氧的影响。准两年振荡西风位相会减弱中部型厄尔尼诺而加强中部型拉尼娜事件对北半球平流层臭氧的影响。      

强对流天气对O3和CO的垂直输送作用

利用ACTIVE（aerosol and chemical transport in tropical convection）试验资料,取2006年1月20日澳大利亚北部达尔文岛附近发生的一次飑线强对流天气的AE17航次和2006年1月27日无对流天气的AE21航次飞行路径中的探测资料,对澳大利亚达尔文地区夏季风盛行期间发生的有无强对流发生时O₃和CO浓度垂直分布变化进行对比,考察强对流性天气发生对O₃和CO浓度垂直输送作用。深对流云内强烈的垂直上升运动将O₃和CO等化学气体携带输送至对流层上部并在对流层顶堆积,从而在对流层上部产生浓度峰值。当有强对流发生,飞机进入对流云上层时,O₃浓度和CO浓度升高,O₃和CO浓度变率增大,在对流层上部浓度出现峰值;当飞机飞出对流云时,O₃和CO浓度相对较低,在对流云外出现谷值。在无对流发生的条件下O₃和CO浓度相对较小,浓度变率也较小,无峰值产生。分析表明:O₃和CO浓度分布不仅与强对流的垂直输送作用关系密切,且与气象要素垂直和水平分布以及动力输送过程密切相关。     

近30 a中国上空臭氧总量时空变化遥感监测分析

本文对近30 a以来中国上空臭氧总量的时空动态变化特征进行遥感监测与分析。结果表明,中国上空的臭氧总量在持续下降,下降速度低于全球臭氧总量下降速度,而与北半球下降速度基本一致,略低于北半球下降速度。中国臭氧总量每年平均减少0.11%,大约下降0.36 DU,但2000年后中国臭氧总量下降的速度有所减缓,尤其是2005年以来,中国臭氧总量呈上升趋势,这与全球的臭氧总量变化趋势相同。中国臭氧总量的季节变化呈正弦曲线变化,最大和最小值分别出现在3月和10月,平均值大约分别为333.36 DU和284.54 DU。中国臭氧总量季节变化在纬度方向上不明显,而在经度方向上变化较大,同纬度地区臭氧总量,东部地区的大于西部地区的,南北方地区臭氧总量季节变化几乎呈相反的趋势。     

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Sensitivity Studies for Monitoring Tropospheric Ozone from Space Using the Ultraviolet,Visible,and Polarization Bands

The authors analyzed the retrieval sensitivity of tropospheric ozone using simulated the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 （GOME-2） measurements. The retrieval sensitivity was evaluated by the degree of free- dom for signal （DFS）. The combination of the ultraviolet （UV）, UV polarization （UVPOL）, and visible （VIS） bands enhances DFS of tropospheric ozone and improves the vertical resolution of the retrieved ozone profile. UVPOL reduces the dependence on solar zenith angle, mainly in- creases the sensitivity in upper troposphere. Polarization increased the DFS by 20% on the eastern side of the GOME-2 orbit, with little improvement on the western side because the increase in DFS due to polarization is depend- ent on the relative azimuth angle. The inclusion of the visi- ble band reduces significantly the dependence on viewing geometry, and mainly increases the DFS in the lower tro- posphere （0-6 kin） by a factor of two. It was possible to retrieve several independent pieces of tropospheric ozone information from GOME-2 UV/UVPOL/VIS measure- ments, especially in the lower troposphere.