地基GPS反演水汽影响因素分析

地基GPS(Global Position System)技术日益成熟,气象观测应用此技术逐渐增多,但对此影响因素的分析不是太多。本文首先阐述了地基GPS遥感水汽原理,然后结合雾灵山GPS气象观测试验数据,利用GAMIT软件解算此期间数据的对流层延迟量,主要分析了影响地基GPS遥感水汽的几项因素,得出测站精度与ZTD精度变化趋势图、星历精度与ZTD(Troposphere Zenith Delay)精度变化趋势图和不同参考站对ZTD的影响。其结果对GPS遥感大气水汽有一定的参考价值。     

GPS精密定位中对流层延迟误差的研究

对流层延迟是影响GPS精密定位精度的主要因素之一,本文采用不同的数据处理方案对国内4个IGS站一周的观测数据进行处理。实验结果表明,利用高度角加权、水平梯度参数并结合Niell投影函数方案能最大限度地利用低高度角的观测数据,从而提高坐标向量和基线向量高程方向上的精度。     

大气折射率时间变化对地球同步轨道圆迹SAR聚焦性能的影响

结合了圆迹SAR(CSAR)和地球同步轨道SAR(GEOSAR)的特点,地球同步轨道圆迹SAR(GEOCSAR)具有大面积区域观测、可获得目标三维信息、可对目标区域连续监测等优点。但GEOCSAR合成孔径时间长,完成整个圆周孔径测量的时间为24小时,而大气变化的时间尺度经常表现为数分钟到数小时,因此大气折射率时间变化将会对GEOCSAR方位向聚焦成像产生重要影响。本文考虑L波段GEOCSAR,因此对流层和电离层效应均不可忽略。文中建立了对流层和电离层折射率时间变化引起的相位误差模型,分析和推导了折射率时间变化对GEOCSAR方位向聚焦性能的影响,计算了引起L波段GEOCSAR聚焦性能退化的最小对流层折射率和电离层电子含量随机时间变化量,并通过仿真进行了验证。     

冬季北半球平流层季节内振荡与对流层季节内振荡的关系

通过平流层大气ISO与对流层大气ISO的比较分析,发现在中高纬地区平流层大气ISO与对流层大气ISO有着许多相同点.北半球冬半年平流层大气环流主要低频模态也可认为是北极涛动(AO),其空间分布的主要特征为; 高纬度地区与中低纬度地区为反位相变化,北极地区附近具有最大的变化值; 其季节内振荡的正位相对应于AO增强,负位相对应于AO减弱.北半球冬半年平流层100 hPa 和70 hPa 位势高度场的低频遥相关分析表明,北极地区(概指北纬60°N以北)和北半球其他大部分地区呈负相关,北极涛动扮演了非常重要的角色.同时,北半球冬半年平流层的主要低频波列是从欧亚大陆中部到西北太平洋,并且由纬向型低频波列(欧亚大陆-西伯利亚-太平洋)和经向型低频波列(欧亚大陆-北极-太平洋)共同构成.平流层30 hPa 和对流层500 hPa 上经过带通滤波(15～90 d)位势高度场的EOF第一主分量的形势有十分类似的特征,它们对应的时间系数序列有显著的延迟相关关系.因此可以认为,北半球平流层大气ISO的变化要先于对流层大气,在滞后35 d 左右其相关系数达到最大.大气环流模式(SAMIL)的数值模拟试验结果也表明,平流层的低频扰动可以在14 d 之后便在对流层500 hPa上激发出低频响应,其谱峰在30 d 左右.这进一步表明,通过大气季节内振荡,平流层的异常可以影响到对流层.     

全球对流层延迟模型的质量评价

对常用的3种天顶对流层延迟改正模型(Saastamoninen模型、Hopfield模型和EGNOS模型)进行误差分析,代入气象元素及测站位置误差,得出各模型的ZTD估值受误差影响的程度。使用C++语言实现以上3种模型,选取一系列不同纬度和高程的IGS站,利用IGS分析中心提供的气象文件,结合测站时空信息,导入程序进行模拟计算,并与IGS对流层产品进行比较,对改正模型进行质量评价。结果表明,Saastamoninen模型和Hopfield模型能够较准确地根据地面气象资料反映对流层延迟的日变化,Saastamoninen模型的改正精度略高于Hopfield模型;同时,无需实测气象资料的EGNOS模型RMS小于0.1 m,也可满足GNSS m级定位需求。     

热带西太平洋低层大气的多逆温层特征

本文主要利用1986年1—2月,“中美热带西太平洋海-气合作研究”第一航次联合考察期间所获得的水文、气象资料,分析了调查海区对流层大气的温度、湿度的垂直结构,揭示了热带西太平洋对流层低层大气的多逆温层现象,并指出这些薄而弱的逆温层主要是靠大尺度的下沉增温效应形成与维持的。     

Measurements of Photolyzable Halogen Compounds and Bromine Radicals During the Polar Sunrise Experiment 1997

As part of the Polar Sunrise Experiment (PSE) 1997, concentrations of halogen species thought to be involved in ground level Arctic ozone depletion were made at Alert, NWT, Canada (82.5°N, 62.3°W) during the months of March and April, 1997. Measurements were made of photolyzable chlorine (Cl₂ and HOCl) and bromine (Br₂ and HOBr) using the Photoactive Halogen Detector (PHD), and bromine radicals (BrO_x) using a modified radical amplifier. During the sampling period between Julian Day 86 (March 27) and Day 102 (April 12), two ozone depletion episodes occurred, the most notable being on days 96-99, when ozone levels were below detectable limits (1 ppbv). Concentrations of BrO_x above the 4 pptv detection limit were found for a significant part of the study, both during and outside of depletion events. The highest BrO_x concentrations were observed at the end of the depletion event, when the concentration reached 15 pptv. We found substantial amounts of Br₂ in the absence of O₃, indicating that O₃ is not a necessary requirement for production of Br₂. There is also Br₂ present when winds are from the south, implying local scale (e.g. from the snowpack) production. During the principal O₃ depletion event, the HOBr concentration rose to 260 pptv, coincident with the BrO_x maximum. This implies a steady state HO₂ concentration of 6 pptv. During a partial O₃ depletion event, we estimate that the flux of Br₂ from the surface is about 10 times greater than that for Cl₂.     

高低层纬向风异常与西北太平洋热带气旋生成年频数关系的研究

采用相关和合成分析方法,研究了热带太平洋地区大尺度高低层纬向风异常与西北太平洋热带气旋生成年频数的关系及其影响的可能机理。结果表明：赤道东太平洋地区ΔU200-ΔU850〉0,西太平洋热带地区ΔU200-ΔU850〈0,热带太平洋地区沃克环流偏强,西北太平洋热带气旋生成年频数偏多。高低层纬向风异常年,对流层上、下部环流和对流层中垂直运动有显著的特征。在短期气候预测的时间尺度上,前期高低层纬向风异常可以作为预测热带气旋生成年频数的前兆信号。     

A distribution law for relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements

Data from three years of MOZAIC measurements made it possible to determine a distribution law for the relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Data amounting to 13.5% of the total were obtained in regions with ice supersaturation. Troposphere and stratosphere are distinguished by an ozone concentration of 130 ppbv as threshold. The probability of measuring a certain amount of ice supersaturation in the troposphere decreases exponentially with the degree of ice supersaturation. The probability of measuring a certain relative humidity in the stratosphere (both with respect to water and ice) decreases exponentially with the relative humidity. A stochastic model that naturally leads to the exponential distribution is provided. Mean supersaturation in the troposphere is about 15%, whereas ice nucleation requires 30% supersaturation on the average. This explains the frequency of regions in which aircraft induce persistent contrails but which are otherwise free of clouds. Ice supersaturated regions are 3-4 K colder and contain more than 50% more vapour than other regions in the upper troposphere. The stratospheric air masses sampled are dry, as expected, having mean relative humidity over water of 12% and over ice of 23%, respectively. However, 2% of the stratospheric data indicate ice supersaturation. As the MOZAIC measurements have been obtained on commercial flights mainly between Europe and North America, the data do not provide a complete global picture, but the exponential character of the distribution laws found is probably valid globally. Since water vapour is the most important greenhouse gas and since it might enhance the anthropogenic greenhouse effects via positive feedback mechanisms, it is important to represent its distribution correctly in climate models. The discovery of the distribution law of the relative humidity makes possible simple tests to show whether the hydrological cycle in climate models is represented in an adequate way or not.     

FURTHER RESEARCH ON MECHANISM OF TBO IN SOUTH ASIAN MONSOON REGION

The results of this study prove that there is significant troposphere biennial oscillation （TBO） in the South Asian climate, especially with the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. In order to explore the mechanism of TBO in the South Asian region, we defined a unified South Asian monsoon index to depict South Asian summer monsoon （SASM） and South Asian winter monsoon （SAWM） and the transition features between SASM and SAWM. Through further analysis, the connection between the abnormity of SASM and SAWM was discovered. Normally, a strong SAWM is beneficial for a weak SASM later, while a weak SAWM favors a strong SASM. Meanwhile, a strong SASM is favorable for a weak SAWM and a weak SAWM always happens after a weak SASM. Such results suggest the evolution of the South Asian monsoon, which may be an important mechanism to excite TBO in South Asia.