编程求解混合层高度的方法

在t-lnp图上利用08时、14时气压和最低气温、最高气温，经过坐标转换求解早晨、中午混合层的气压和温度，然后根据等温大气压高公式计算混合层高度。该计算方法用VB6．0编程，可自动从当日报文中读取数据，计算出混合层高度值，也可根据数值预报结果计算次日混合层高度。     

TOPSAR wave spectra model and coastal erosion detection

This paper presents work done utilizing TOPSAR data to detect shoreline change along the Terengganu coast (Malaysia). TOPSAR data were used to extract information on wave spectra. This wave spectra information was then used to model shoreline changes by investigating the wave refraction patterns. From these patterns, the volume transport at several locations was estimated. The shoreline change model developed was designed to cover a 20 km stretch of shoreline of Kuala Terengganu. The model utilized data from aerial photographs, TOPSAR data and ground truth data. The location of sedimentation and erosion along the shoreline of Kuala Terengganu was estimated. The wave spectra extracted from TOPSAR data showed wavelengths ranging from 20 m to 175 m. The main direction of the waves given by the spectra was from the northeast. The wave refraction patterns varied, showing both convergence and divergence, indicating erosion and sedimentation locations, respectively. A comparison between the TOPSAR shoreline change model and aerial photographs and ground truth data showed a significant relationship. Finally, the regression model showed that erosion occurred particularly at Sultan Mahmed Airport, at a rate of −1.5 m/year. The maximum rate of sedimentation along the 20 km stretch was 1 m/year.     

抛物线型竖曲线最小长度的确定

根据抛物型竖曲线的设计原理，从汽车在凸形竖曲线上行驶时司机的视线高入手，着重讨论了保证汽车按设计车速安全行驶时应满足的最小曲线长度。     

利用重力场模型和局部重力资料计算GPS水准高的精度探讨

利用大地水准面高，结合GPS测量的高程信息,直接计算GPS水准高，是一种全新诱人的解决方案。本文就这种方案，根据其核心技术－大地水面高的性质：长波长－全球重力场；中波长－局部重力资料，短波长－数据地形，对它的具体实现，适用范围以及精度分析作了详尽的探讨，在此基础上，提出一些GPS水准应用规范和要求，并利用实验数据对其进行验证。     

Biomass estimation for native perennial grasses in the plain of Mendoza, Argentina

Plant allometric relationships were studied at the end of the 1999–2000 growing season for eight grasses. Logarithmic regressions were developed relating above-ground biomass to dimensional measurements or to tiller density. Basal diameters (the longest and the greatest perpendicular to the first) and plant height (defined as that reached by vegetative tillers) were recorded on individual plants of tussock grasses. The number of tillers per 1 m² plot was counted for a rhizomatous grass. Our study proved that regression models including basal area or a combination of basal area and height as independent variables gave a good fit to the biomass data for tussock grasses. Density of tillers proved to be a good predictor of biomass for a rhizomatous species. A validation test using 20% of the data not used for estimating the regression equations indicated that these models made accurate prediction of grass biomass. Further work is needed to prove if there are year-to-year differences between models.     

Observed Wind Profiles and Turbulence Fluxes over an ice Surface with Changing Surface Roughness

Wind profile and eddy-correlation data obtained at two sites on a melting glacier surface in Iceland during the summer of 1996 are presented. Throughout the experiment the surface roughness increased rapidly from smooth to very rough, with the largest roughness element height obtained being about 1.7 m. In a layer close to the rough surface we find that the wind speed profiles were disturbed showing horizontal inhomogeneities as in a roughness sublayer. Its height was approximately two times the height of the main roughness elements (h) at both sites throughout the experiment. From the wind profiles and eddy-correlation data we calculated corrections for the displaced zero plane as a function of time and compared these with results obtained from a drag partitioning model. In general, the agreement was reasonable considering the ranges of uncertainty but the results indicate that the increasing horizontal anisotropy of the surface probably limits the use of the model. The values obtained for the roughness lengths are in good agreement with those calculated from a simple linear model, i.e., z₀/h = 0.5 with the frontal area index. Above the roughness sublayer the wind profiles, normalised standard deviations of wind speed, and the balance of the turbulence kinetic energy budget behaved as over an ideal homogeneous surface thereby confirming similarity of the flow.     

Surface roughness signatures of summer arctic snow-covered sea ice in X-band dual-polarimetric SAR

ABSTRACT

Surface roughness of sea ice is primary information for understanding sea ice dynamics and air–ice–ocean interactions. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a powerful tool for investigating sea ice surface roughness owing to the high sensitivity of its signal to surface structures. In this study, we explored the surface roughness signatures of the summer Arctic snow-covered first-year sea ice in X-band dual-polarimetric SAR in terms of the root mean square (RMS) height. Two ice campaigns were conducted for the first-year sea ice with dry snow cover in the marginal ice zone of the Chukchi Sea in August 2017 and August 2018, from which high-resolution (4 cm) digital surface models (DSMs) of the sea ice were derived with the help of a terrestrial laser scanner to obtain the in situ RMS height. X-band dual-polarimetric (HH and VV) SAR data (3 m spatial resolution) were obtained for the 2017 campaign, at a high incidence angle (49.5°) of TerraSAR-X, and for the 2018 campaign, at a mid-incidence angle (36.1°) of TanDEM-X 1–2 days after the acquisition of the DSMs. The sea ice drifted during the time between the SAR and DSM acquisitions. As it is difficult to directly co-register the DSM to SAR owing to the difference in spatial resolution, the two datasets were geometrically matched using unmanned aerial vehicle (4 cm resolution) and helicopter-borne (30 cm resolution) photographs acquired as part of the ice campaigns. A total of five dual-polarimetric SAR features―backscattering coefficients at HH and VV polarizations, co-polarization ratio, co-polarization phase difference, and co-polarization correlation coefficient ―were computed from the dual-polarimetric SAR data and compared to the RMS height of the sea ice, which showed macroscale surface roughness. All the SAR features obtained at the high incidence angle were statistically weakly correlated with the RMS height of the sea ice, possibly influenced by the low backscattering close to the noise level that is attributed to the high incidence angle. The SAR features at the mid-incidence angle showed a statistically significant correlation with the RMS height of the sea ice, with Spearman’s correlation coefficient being higher than 0.7, except for the co-polarization ratio. Among the intensity-based and polarimetry-based SAR features, HH-polarized backscattering and co-polarization phase difference were analyzed to be the most sensitive to the macroscale RMS height of the sea ice. Our results show that the X-band dual-polarimetric SAR at mid-incidence angle exhibits potential for estimation of the macroscale surface roughness of the first-year sea ice with dry snow cover in summer.     

基于区域与分区拟合似大地水准面方法研究

与传统测量方式比较,全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)测量具有定位精度高、测量时间短、操作简单、全天候作业等优势,利用GPS观测得到的大地高拟合成正常高可以大大提高测绘效率。研究了二次曲面法拟合似大地水准面模型,以豫北某区域为研究区,分别作整体区域二次曲面拟合和分区二次曲面拟合,并进行精度分析,结论如下:通过提高GPS测量的大地高精度和选用高精度的联测水准点,能够有效提高拟合后的高程精度;测区面积较大和测区地形起伏较大时,采用分区拟合高程的精度相对于整体区域拟合的精度会大大提高。     

河北CORS和EGM2008模型在RTK三维水深测量中的应用

将河北CORS和EGM2008重力场模型应用在RTK三维水深测量工作中,不受控制点个数和位置分布限制,无需求取七参数,可直接获取2000国家大地坐标系平面定位成果。另外,利用EGM2008模型计算出测区内少数点的高程异常后,可通过二次多项式曲面模型进行高程拟合,求出全部测点高程异常,最终得到正常高。通过在渤海湾某水深测量项目中的验证,结果表明该方法简单可行,其精度可达到规范要求。