冀西北中生代聚煤盆地含煤性差异的影响因素分析

冀西北（张家口）地区发育了一系列中生代聚煤盆地,盆地类型分为断陷型聚煤盆地和坳陷型聚煤盆地,含煤地层时代从早中侏罗世到早白垩世。在总结含煤盆地沉积特征基础上,对造成聚煤盆地含煤性差异的影响因素进行分析,认为盆地基底地层岩性的不同,构成了不同的古地理景观,对聚煤作用有很重要影响;聚煤盆地的规模及展布受古构造控制,影响煤层的聚集规模;沉积环境差异导致聚煤条件的差异,影响煤层聚集的范围和厚度;煤系地层粗、细碎屑岩的赋存比例反映盆地沉降速率的高低,从而影响盆地含煤性。其中聚煤古构造是影响各聚煤盆地含煤性差异的主导因素。     

渭河下游河流输沙需水量计算

基于对河流输沙运动特性的分析,认为最小河流输沙需水量是当河流输沙基本上处于冲淤平衡状态时输送单位重量的泥沙所需要的水的体积,通过河段进口即上游断面水流挟沙力 (S_u^*) 与含沙量 (S_u) 比较,分S_u ≤ S_u^*和S_u > S_u^*两种情况,分别建立了最小河段输沙需水量的计算方法。并应用该方法对渭河下游输沙需水量做了计算。计算的空间尺度为渭河下游的咸阳、临潼、华县三个断面,时间尺度为四个代表年的年内月均需水量,分p = 25% (1963年)、p = 50% (1990年)、p = 75% (1982年)、p = 90% (1979年)。计算结果分析表明：渭河各断面汛期月均输沙需水量大于非汛期月均输沙需水量。相较而言,在不同代表年的汛期和非汛期,从咸阳断面至华县断面输沙需水量在增加。在丰水年 (p = 25%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为63.67亿m³、97.95亿m³和103.25亿m³;在平水年 (p = 50%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为49.71亿m³、83.27亿m³和85.08亿m³;在枯水年 (p = 75%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为30.17亿m³、55.14亿m³和65.32亿m³;在特枯水年 (p = 90%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为23.96亿m³、37.91亿m³和38.92亿m³。由丰水年到枯水年,渭河下游各断面年输沙需水量变小。     

积雪融雪过程中水、热、溶质耦合运移规律的研究进展

大气污染的加剧,形成大量的酸性雨,在冬季则以酸性雪的形式出现.酸性雪对土壤环境、水环境及生态环境的影响已经引起世界性的关注,而对于积雪、融雪过程中水、热、溶质耦合运移规律的研究是评价和预测这些影响的理论基础.在查阅大量中外相关文献的基础上,对该领域的研究历史、发展现状和尚待解决的问题进行了综述.     

基于“动力组分”思想的沉积物粒径趋势模型

“粒径趋势分析”的基本思想是利用沉积物粒度参数的空间变化(粒径趋势)来反推沉积物输运路径.依据“动力组分”思想,通过建立一个一维的悬浮沉积物输运模型来正演沉积物输运方向上的表层沉积物粒度分布和粒径趋势,探讨水动力能量沿程衰减和沿程增强两种不同情形下的粒径趋势特征.研究表明:粒径趋势形成的直接原因是沉积物中不同“动力组分...     

淮河上游全新世黄土及沉积成因

The dust source and transporting system are two indispensable aspects in the process of loess-palaeosol accumulation. It has been proved that the dust of the Loess Plateau mainly comes from the northwestern inland gobi and desert, transported by the East Asia monsoon systems and westerlies. However, there are little researches with respect to the dust source and deposition dynamics of the upper reaches of the Huaihe River. In the present study, we investigated and collected the YPC section with high resolution in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River. The chronological frame was reconstructed by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and correlated with the published loess time series. By comparison of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) and grain size (GS) of loess-soil profile among YPC profile, XJN profile (western Loess Plateau) and the JYC profile (southern Loess Plateau), we find similar climate change and pedogenic process between the upper reaches of the Huaihe River and the Loess Plateau, both experienced an extreme dry and the weakest pedogenesis during the last glacial, followed by a transitional episodes from the cold-dry last glacial to the warm-humid mid-Holocene and increased pedogenesis in the early Holocene, then a most humid-warm and strong pedogenesis in the mid-Holocene, and climate deterioration and decreased pedogenesis occurred during the late Holocene. But the MS of loess-soil profile sequences in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River was much lower than those in the Loess Plateau, and the GS was much coarser than those in the Loess Plateau. Comparison of GS for these three profiles revealed that there were different dust sources, which belonged to different aeolian transporting systems. The loess in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River was a wind blown deposition of near source, while the coarser dust mainly came from loose alluvial deposits of alluvial and proluvial fans of the Yellow River. The yielding and carrying dynamics of the dust in the Huaihe River is the northeast wind prevails in the winter half year.     

投影寻踪自回归模型和应变积累释放模型在新疆地震趋势预测中的应用

本研究以5年为时间窗,1年为滑动步长构建自变量序列,建立了新疆各研究区的投影寻踪自回归中长期地震预测模型;同时应用应变积累释放模型探讨了各区不同时段应变积累与释放特征,依据各区的应变积累水平及其地震活动分期特征判定未来地震趋势。综合分析两个模型的地震趋势预测意见,给出了新疆各研究区未来5年(2006-2010年)的地震危险性判定意见。     

断—盖时空匹配及其对油气聚集与分布的控制作用——以南堡凹陷中浅层东营组为例

为研究南堡凹陷中浅层东营组油气分布规律,根据油气输导断裂与盖层时空匹配与油气分布之间的关系,分析油气聚集与分布的控制作用.结果表明:南堡凹陷中浅层断—盖空间匹配关系对油气分布层位的控制作用表现:(1)如果东营组二段泥岩盖层有效厚度大于90～95m,无论馆陶组三段火山岩盖层有效厚度多大,则油气主要分布在东三、四段(简称东二段、馆三段);(2)如果东二段火山岩盖层有效厚度小于90～95m,馆三段火山岩盖层有效厚度大于130～150m,则油气除分布在东三、四段外,还可以分布在东一段和馆四段;(3)如果东三段泥岩盖层有效厚度小于90～95m,馆三段火山岩盖层有效厚度小于130～150m,明下段泥岩盖层有效厚度大于90～95m时,则油气从下至上均有分布.3套区域性盖层封闭能力形成时期早于断裂输导油气的大量时期,可有效封住断裂输导运移来的油气,这是导致3套区域性盖层之下油气相对富集的重要原因.     

四川泸沽铁矿大顶山矿区泥石流及其防治

大顶山支沟为一典型矿山泥石流沟。其根本原因是由于人为开矿弃渣所造成。流域面积1．8km^2，支沟长2km，沟床平均纵比降38．5％。松散固体物质储量在700万m^3以上，一旦遭遇强暴雨，极易形成泥石流。50年一遇设计频率的泥石流流量为364m^3／s，100年一遇设计频率的泥石流流量为419m^3／s。拦砂坝设计高度20m，最大基础埋深8m，高出原沟床面12m，可拦挡松散固体物质32万m^3。在设计频率下发生的泥石流，拦砂坝可以有效拦挡，不会对盐井沟3号拦砂坝造成直接危害。大顶山支沟泥石流防治工程的日常维护需按设计书的要求进行。此外，建议在汛期加强巡查，人工爆破沟内直径大干1m的石块，禁止在沟内及山坡上，特别是排土场上乱挖滥采矿石，以免加速废石矿渣向下游输送运移。同时继续实行封山育林，努力恢复植被覆盖，增大排土场人工堆石坡的稳定性。     

Dune sand transport as influenced by wind directions, speed and frequencies in the Ordos Plateau, China

The Ordos Plateau in China is a region with extensive wind erosion, severe desertification and various aeolian sand hazards. In order to determine aeolian sand transport in this region, the relationship between the sand transport rate and wind speed at 10 min frequencies was established by field observation in both the Qubqi Sand Desert and the Mu Us Sandy Land. Threshold wind speeds (2 m above the ground) for mobile, semi-fixed and fixed dune surfaces were estimated by field observations. The sand transport rate increased with the increase of the bare land ratio and near-bed wind speed. High-resolution meteorological 10 min average wind velocity data at 10 m above the ground were converted into velocity values at a height of 2 m to calculate sand transport potential based on three specific parameters decisive for sand transport: wind speed, duration and direction. The quantity of aeolian sand transported was calculated for various wind speed levels and directions, and the overall characteristics of sand transport on different dune surface types were determined by vector operation techniques. Sand transporting winds took place mainly in springtime. The prevailing wind directions were W, WNW and NW, with a frequency of more than 60% in total, and sand transport in these directions made up more than 70% of the total transport, corresponding to a general southeastward encroachment of aeolian sand in the study area. The relationship between wind frequency and speed can be expressed by a power function. High magnitude strong winds had a low frequency, but they played a dominant role in aeolian sand transport.     

A numerical modelling study on the processes of uplift and planation of the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau has experienced a number of processes of uplift and planation alternately since about 45 Ma B. P. when it began to raise. A differential equation model for describing the Plateau altitude variation with time is formulated on the basis of previous field studies and a theoretical hypothesis: if palaeomagnetic polarity is positive, the convective activity in the earth is strong; orogenic movement is violent; and the raising velocity of the Plateau is high andvice versa. The analytical solution of the equation is obtained. The altitude variation from the beginning of the Plateau uplift to present is computed through using the geomagnetic polarity reversals timing series and interstellar atomic hydrogen concentration data. A comparison between the model results and the field studies indicates that the former is quite similar to the latter. The model results are able to basically reproduce the alternating processes of uplift and planation of the plate geological history. In the present model, the influences of the denudation and the geomagnetic polarity and interstellar atomic hydrogen concentration on the raising velocity of the Plateau altitude are mainly considered. Project supported by the National Climbing Project “A Study on the Uplift, Evolution and Ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau” and the CAS’ (Chincse Academy of Sciences) Foundations for Returned Scholars.