云南省富乐铅锌矿床闪锌矿中微量元素地球化学特征——兼论深色闪锌矿富集Cd的原因

富乐铅锌矿床位于川滇黔铅锌多金属成矿域东南部,其闪锌矿中Cd含量居全国前列。单矿物常量分析表明闪锌矿内w(Fe)低,平均0.23%。微量分析和电子探针微区分析显示,微量元素w(B)主要为Cd 16 183×10-6,Cu 1 514×10-6;Ni 414×10-6;As215×10-6;Se 163×10-6;Ge 135×10-6;Ga 86×10-6;Sb 35×10-6;Ag 16×10-6,其次为Cr,Co,Mn,Ba,Ti,Sr,Mo等,其含量一般1×10-6～10×10-6。Cd与Cu,Ag,Sb,As,Ni等呈正相关。闪锌矿的颜色由这些微量元素共同引起,Ni使闪锌矿呈紫色,Cu使闪锌矿呈红色,Ga使闪锌矿呈黄色。Cd不影响闪锌矿颜色,Cd之所以在深色闪锌矿中相对富集,是因为Cd与引起闪锌矿颜色改变的这些微量元素含量正相关,它们同步进入闪锌矿的晶格。Fe因为含量过低,对闪锌矿颜色影响不明显。     

Effects of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+) on DNA damage of the gills, hemocytes and hepatopancreas of marine crab, Charybdis japonica

There are rising concerns about the hazardous effects of heavy metals on the environment. In this study, comet assay and DNA alkaline unwinding assay were conducted on the tissues (gills, hepatopancreas, and hemocytes) of Charybdis japonica in order to illustrate genotoxicity of three heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+) on the marine crabs C. japonica. The crabs were exposed to Cu2+ (10, 50, and 100 ?g.L?1), Pb2+ (50, 250, and 500 ?g L?1) and Cd2+ (5, 25, and 50 ?g L?1), and the tissues were sampled at days 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 15. DNA alkaline unwinding assay was used for testing the DNA single strand break in gills and hepatopancreas and comet assay was employed for testing the DNA damage in hemocytes. The results showed that the DNA damage (F-value) of gills in the crabs exposed to the three heavy metals was decreased gradually during the exposure periods and there was a dose-time response relationship in certain time, suggesting that the levels of DNA single strand break in all the experimental groups increased significantly compared to the controls. Changes of F-value in hepatopancreas of the crabs exposed to the three heavy metals were similar to those in gills except that the peak values were found in the 500 ?g L?1 Pb2+ treatment group at day 3 and the 50 ?g L?1 Cd2+ treatment group at day 9. The ranks of DNA damage in gills and hepatopancreas induced by the three heavy metal ions (50 ?g L?1, day 15) were Cd2+ >Pb2+ >Cu2+ and Pb2+ >Cu2+ >Cd2+. The levels of DNA damage in gills were higher than those in hepatopancreas in the same experimental group. It can be concluded that indices of DNA damage can be used as the potential biomarkers of heavy metal pollution in marine environment.     

日照茶树种植区表层土壤营养元素地球化学特征分析

对土壤中的营养元素进行分析,对于茶树种植及宜种性评价意义深远。该研究主要是利用1 km×1 km表层土壤采样数据,借助地统计学和GIS技术对日照茶树种植区表层土壤中主要营养元素的地球化学特征进行分析。结果表明,研究区N,P,K2O,S含量相对较丰富,而其他营养元素相对较贫乏;营养元素富集区大致以西湖、秦楼、岚山头3个镇为顶点呈三角分布。     

田纳西·威廉斯与兰福德·威尔逊作品的二元要素解读

以田纳西·威廉斯兰福德·威尔逊作品背景为出发点,以"十字路口"为喻,通过对比两人作品中的"南北与东西"、"掠夺与守护自然"、"外乡人与本地人"等几对二元要素,揭示出这些要素对剧作家在刻画人物、突出主题以及体现美国价值观等方面产生深刻的影响。     

澜沧江-湄公河干流底沙重金属含量空间变化及污染评价

国际河流澜沧江-湄公河流域资源开发引起的水文情势、泥沙和水环境变化一直是国际社会关注的重点.本研究选取了该河干流境内外8个关键河段的底沙进行采样,并进行5种重金属元素(锌Zn、铅Pb、铜Cu、铬Cr、砷As)含量实验测试,分析了该河干流底沙重金属含量空间变化.运用沉积学原理,应用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价了澜沧江-湄公河流域干流底沙重金属污染的情况.结果显示:1.在澜沧江-湄公河流域干流底沙重金属元素中Zn、Pb、As在上游中国境内澜沧江底沙中的含量平均值分别为91.43 mg/kg、41.85 mg/kg、21.84 mg/kg,均大于其在下游境外湄公河底沙中平均含量,其平均含量分别为68.17 mg/kg、28.22 mg/kg、14.97mg/kg;Cr在境外湄公河底沙中含量的平均值为418.86mg/kg,大于境内上游澜沧江底沙中的平均含量42.19 mg/kg,且主要集中在琅勃拉邦和巴色采样点,其含量分别为762.93 mg/kg、422.9 mg/kg;Cu除在戛旧和界碑含量较小分别为11.7 mg/kg、7 mg/kg外,在上下游其他采样点的含量分布变化不明显.2.地积累指数法评价结果表明干流底沙重金属在上游中国境内Zn、Pb、As有污染,其中Pb、As的污染较Zn严重.在下游中国境外Cr污染较严重,其污染主要集中在琅勃拉邦和巴色两个采样点,As在巴色采样点也出现了轻微污染.3.潜在生态危害指数法评结果表明干流底沙重金属元素单一潜在生态危害系数和多种重金属潜在生态危害指数均较小,各采样点重金属潜在生态危害程度均属于轻微污染.由此可见澜沧江-湄公河境内局部河段因地球化学背景或矿产开采致使的水体和底沙重金属污染,沿程经水体稀释和水库淤积后,尚未出现污染的跨境迁移现象.本研究能在一定程度上填补澜沧江-湄公河流域在干流上对重金属污染研究的空缺,为澜沧江流域资源开发的评价影响提供理论依据.     

内蒙古农牧交错带生态补偿效应分析

中国的生态补偿实施主要通过制度安排进行。在内蒙古农牧交错带,生态补偿主要通过两种模式进行,即对农牧户放弃土地使用和生产结构调整给予补偿。基于详尽的野外调查,本研究对农牧户经济受偿意愿进行了对比分析,并对两种生态补偿模式的效应进行了详细评价。结果表明,放弃土地使用的生态补偿模式缺乏创造就业机会的机制,因此不具有可持续性。与此相反,调整生产结构的补偿方式不但使农户从事农牧业的规模有了明显下降,而且有助于创造更多的就业机会。虽然这种模式会使农户面临很大的市场风险,但是它为解决区域生态系统恢复和社会经济发展之间的矛盾提供了一种有效方法。     

山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查与评价

介绍了山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查与评价工作取得的一些基本成果以及该区存在的生态地球化学问题。调查与评价结果显示,Zn,Pb,Cu,Se,Cd,S,P,Hg,N,OrgC等元素或指标在表生作用或人类活动等因素影响下,使表层土壤含量明显大于深层;总体上该区地球化学环境质量优良,Ⅲ类和劣Ⅲ类土壤仅占全区总面积的0.13%,主要分布在矿集区和城镇周边,主要污染元素为Cd,Cr,Ni,Hg。浅层地下水大部分元素或指标处于自然低背景含量状态,部分水样总硬度超标,溶解性总固体、NO2-和F-等超标,已不适合饮用。该区存在的生态地球化学问题有：①山地丘陵区土壤pH值低,且表层土壤具有向强酸、强碱两极化发展的趋势,易引起重金属元素活化,危害人类健康;②沿海地带土地贫瘠,N,P和有机质等营养水平多属缺乏级;③莱州-烟台和牟平-乳山矿集区以及人口密集的城镇地带表层土壤Hg,Cd,Pb,Zn,Se,S等元素污染严重。地质高背景、酸性的表生环境和工业污染的共同作用,是造成环境中重金属元素含量较高的主要原因。     

日照茶树种植区表层土壤营养元素地球化学特征分析

对土壤中的营养元素进行分析,对于茶树种植及宜种性评价意义深远。该研究主要是利用1 km×1 km表层土壤采样数据,借助地统计学和GIS技术对日照茶树种植区表层土壤中主要营养元素的地球化学特征进行分析。结果表明,研究区N,P,K2O,S含量相对较丰富,而其他营养元素相对较贫乏;营养元素富集区大致以西湖、秦楼、岚山头3个镇为顶点呈三角分布。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000405

This study has focused on the processes of soil degradation and chemical element concentration in tea-growing regions of Rwanda, Africa. Soil degradation accelerated by erosion is caused not only by topography but also by human activities. This soil degradation involves both the physical loss and reduction in the amount of topsoil associated with nutrient decline. Soil samples were collected from eleven tropical zones in Rwanda and from variable depth within each collecting site. Of these, Samples from three locations in each zone were analyzed in the laboratory, with the result that the pH of all soil samples is shown to be less than 5 (pH < 5) with a general average of 4.4. The elements such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) are present in high concentration levels. In contrast calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) are present at low-level concentrations and carbon (C) was found in minimal concentrations. In addition, elements derived from fertilizers, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) which is also from minerals such as feldspar, are also present in low-level concentrations. The results indicate that the soil in certain Rwandan tea plantations is acidic and that this level of pH may help explain, in addition to natural factors, the deficiency of some elements such as Ca, Mg, P and N. The use of chemical fertilizers, land use system and the location of fields relative to household plots are also considered to help explain why tea plantation soils are typically degraded.     

海南岛三亚小东海岸礁礁坪沉积物的稀土元素分布特征

对海南岛三亚小东海东北岸礁礁坪表面沉积物的稀土元素进行了分析,结果表明,沉积物的∑REE为80.22mg/kg,稀土元素含量球粒陨石标准化分布模式呈现轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,Eu明显负异常(0.58),Ce无异常,Y/Ho低(27.60)的陆相模式特征.根据小东海礁坪沉积样品稀土元素的空间分布情况可以推测出礁坪珊瑚表面...