Ice- and cryogel-soil composites in water-retaining elements in embankment dams constructed in cold regions

There are a number of serious problems connected with building and repairing water-retaining elements in embankment dams in cold regions. One of them is the difficulty in finding inexpensive clay materials with the necessary structural properties and using them in the winter. Another is the cracks that appear in the upper part of a dam when the core freezes to the banks, and leakage along the cracks threatens to destroy the dam. Still another is the process of erosion at the bottom of the core which may occur through fissures in the rock foundation of a dam and in transport constructions. Also, the behaviour of water-retaining elements during earthquakes is unreliable. All of these problems can be solved by using ice- and cryogel-soil composites created by cryotropic gel formation (CGF). Our laboratory investigations demonstrate that the materials proposed for water-retaining elements have the necessary permeable, plastic, thermophysical, and strength properties to solve all of these problems. Certain constructions of water-retaining elements which may prove to be both safe and cost-effective are proposed. However, these ice- and cryogel-soil composites need to be field-validated before they are used in dams and transport structures in cold regions.     

纳米TiO2分离富集ICP-MS法测定河口环境样品中重金属研究

建立了以纳米二氧化钛（TiO2）作为吸附剂填充微柱,电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法测试Cu^2＋,Cd^2＋,Pb^2＋和Ni^2＋离子的分析方法．考察了不同pH值、洗脱液浓度、样品流速、体积和外源干扰离子的影响,实验结果表明在pH值8～10范围内待测离子可被TiO2定量吸附,2．0molL^-1HNO3可将吸附在微柱上的待测物完全洗脱,优化条件下本方法对溶液中Cu^2＋,Cd^2＋,Ph^2＋和M^2＋离子检出限分别为：0．02,0．01,0．01,0．02μgL～,相对标准偏差小于2％（n=7）,富集系数50倍．对水系沉积物标准物质（GBW07310）的测定值与标准值相一致,方法具有简便、快速,灵敏度高,重现性好的优点,可满足河口水体与沉积物样品中痕量金属元素定量分析的要求．     

Heavy metal pollution and assessment in the tidal flat sediments of Haizhou Bay,China

The heavy metal inventory and the ecological risk of the tidal flat sediments in Haizhou Bay were investigated. Results show that the average concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments exceeded the environment background values of Jiangsu Province coastal soil, suggesting that the surface sediments were mainly polluted by heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn). In addition, the profiles of heavy metals fluxes can reflect the socio-economic development of Lianyungang City, and heavy metals inputs were attributed to anthropogenic activities. Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were mainly present in the non-bioavailable residual form in surface sediments, whereas Cd and Mn were predominantly in the highly mobile acid soluble and reducible fractions. The ecological risk of the polluted sediments stemmed mainly from Cd and Pb. According to the Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), however, the adverse biological effects caused by the heavy metals occasionally occurred in tidal flat.     

Evaluation of Composts from Agricultural Wastes with Fish Pond Sediment as Bulking Agent to Improve Compost Quality

Composts with five different ratios of agricultural wastes, viz. rice straw (RS), wheat straw (WS), potato plant (PP), and mustard stover (MS) were prepared with or without fish pond bottom sediment to investigate the compost maturity and their suitability for field application. The composting process was monitored through the changes in physico‐chemical parameters and germination index (GI) at every 7 days interval of the composting process. All the composts were dark brown and smelled like forest soil within 56 days of composting, which reflected its matured status. On the basis of the physico‐chemical parameters (bulk density: 0.84 g/cm³; pH 7.05; electrical conductivity: 3.52 mS/cm; cation exchange capacity:82.4 cmol/kg; total carbon:321.4 g/kg; total nitrogen: 16.9 g/kg; As: 6.8 mg/kg; Cd: 2.96 mg/kg; Cr: 29.6 mg/kg, Cu: 243.6 mg/kg; Hg: 0.019 mg/kg; Ni: 24.3 mg/kg; Pb: 62.1 mg/kg and Zn: 812 mg/kg) and GI (89–96%), it could be concluded that RS/WS/PP/MS, 1:1:2:1 v/v/v/v with fish pond sediment produced better compost in accordance with the Indian compost standard. Application of a combined randomized block design analysis revealed that there is a significant difference in the responses of the five composts, in relation to the time of composting. Hierarchical clustering algorithm was applied with a view to form homogeneous groups of five different composts on the basis of different physico‐chemical parameters. Therefore, the ratio of waste incorporation is an important decision for composting and addition of pond sediment can improve the quality of compost.     

Dynamic,Mechanistic, and Thermodynamic Modeling of Zn(II) Ion Biosorption onto Zinc Sequestering Bacterium VMSDCM

The surface of the bacterial cells before the biosorption of Zn(II) ion has been found rough, heterogeneous, and non‐crystalline together with tremendous protrusions and negatively charged functional groups. The bacterium was characterized as rod shaped with Gram‐negative type of cell wall structure. In reaction dynamics, pseudo‐second‐order kinetics with higher linear correlation coefficient (R²) ranging between 0.97 and 0.99, lower sum of square errors (SSE) (0.035–0.081) and chi (χ²) (0.0013–0.009) provided a better explanation of sorption of Zn(II) ion on bacterium surface as compared to pseudo‐first‐order model. The removal of Zn(II) was governed by both film and intra‐particle diffusion at onset and later stage of sorption of metal ion on the surface of bacterial cells. The R² (0.92–0.94) for intra‐particle diffusion model was quite higher with lower values of SSE (9.56–16.33) and chi (χ²) (11.26–19.65) against the Bangham's model. The positive value of ΔH (16.628 × 10^?6 kJ/mol) and ΔS (5320.90 kJ/mol/K) showed that the biosorption of Zn(II) ion across liquid phase on bacterial surface was endothermic with increased randomness at solid–liquid interface. The negative values of ΔG demarcated the whole process as spontaneous in nature. In the present work, the distribution coefficient was found to be > 0.5 at various temperature ranges. At the attainment of equilibrium, the residual concentration of Zn(II) ion in liquid phase was around 0.6 mg/L, which was much below the limit described by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), i.e. 5 mg/L.     

Status of Macrobenthic Community and Its Relationships to Trace Metals and Natural Sediment Characteristics

Laizhou Bay, located in the northwest of Shandong Peninsula, has complex transitional environments between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In the present study, a total of 122, 131, and 139 species were collected in spring, summer, and autumn 2011, respectively. Species constitutions of macrobenthos were grouped into four phyla, of which annelida were the most abundant phylum, the average biomass proportion of echinodermata was the lowest, and the proportion of important species for mollusca was the highest. The structure of the macrobenthic community showed significant differences between sites, and greater divergence was observed between the third site (S03) and other stations. The ABC plots showed that the biomass curve lay below the abundance curve, and the W‐statistic value was negative. The result of the BOPA index showed that two stations had moderate ecological status in spring and that there were two heavily polluted sites and one moderately polluted site in summer. The BIO‐ENV analyses indicated that the grain‐size fractions together with trace metals (Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr) could be considered as the major environmental variables influencing the macrobenthic patterns. The results together demonstrated that the macrobenthic communities in Laizhou Bay were negatively affected, perhaps by the tremendous impact of heavy metals in the sediments.     

地理国情普查地表覆盖与国情要素信息的提取方法探讨

地表覆盖分类和地理国情要素数据是地理国情普查成果数据的重要组成部分,同时也是统计分析的基本数据源。本文结合宁夏地理国情普查试点工作的技术和方法,详细阐述了普查试点生产过程中地表覆盖分类和地理国情要素信息的提取方法,并对生产技术方法进行了总结和探讨。     

海洋沉积物微量元素地球化学特征对天然气水合物勘探的指示意义

天然气水合物与资源和全球环境变化等重大科学问题密切相关.前期关于甲烷渗漏区地球化学特征的研究主要集中于浅表层沉积物(<20 m),而浅层沉积物(>20 m)地球化学特征知之甚少.为探讨海洋浅层沉积物微量元素特征与天然气水合物勘探的相关关系,对南海神狐海域沉积物进行了4个站位的钻探取样,分析了样品主、微量元素和有机碳地球...     

利用激光测距数据处理线阵卫星摄影测量影像

以线阵CCD测量相机为有效载荷的传输型卫星是目前获取影像的有效途径。本文针对两线阵卫星影像摄影测量处理的相关问题,提出将激光测距数据用于相机焦距在轨标定和光束法平差的理论及数学模型,并进行了实验验证。实验表明利用激光测距数据参与两线阵影像处理,能够满足测制1∶10 000比例尺地形图精度要求。     

Feasibility of estimating heavy metal contaminations in floodplain soils using laboratory-based hyperspectral data—A case study along Le’an River,China

It is necessary to estimate heavy metal concentrations within soils for understanding heavy metal contaminations and for keeping the sustainable developments of ecosystems. This study, with the floodplain along Le’an River and its two branches in Jiangxi Province of China as a case study, aimed to explore the feasibility of estimating concentrations of heavy metal lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) within soils using laboratory-based hyperspectral data. Thirty soil samples were collected, and their hyperspectral data, soil organic matters and Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations were measured in the laboratory. The potential relations among hyperspectral data, soil organic matter and Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations were explored and further used to estimate Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations from hyperspectral data with soil organic matter as a bridge. The results showed that the ratio of the first-order derivatives of spectral absorbance at wavelengths 624 and 564 nm could explain 52% of the variation of soil organic matter; the soil organic matter could explain 59%, 51% and 50% of the variation of Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations with estimated standard errors of 1.41, 48.27 and 45.15 mg·kg?; and the absolute estimation errors were 8%–56%, 12%–118% and 2%–22%, and 50%, 67% and 100% of them were less than 25% for Pb, Cu and Zn concentration estimations. We concluded that the laboratory-based hyperspectral data hold potentials in estimating concentrations of heavy metal Pb, Cu and Zn in soils. More sampling points or other potential linear and non-linear regression methods should be used for improving the stabilities and accuracies of the estimation models.