铅污染对黄土宏观持水性能和微观结构演化的影响研究

垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的重金属与土体发生物理化学反应,可能导致土体微观结构的改变,重金属等有毒物质得以扩散、运移,威胁人体健康和周边环境。为探究重金属污染对黄土宏观持水性及微观结构的影响,采用轴平移技术测得铅污染黄土的土-水特征曲线。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、压汞（MIP）、X射线衍射（XRD）和Zeta电位试验,阐明细观结构变化特征。结果表明：铅污染黄土的进气值随铅离子浓度的增加而减小,当铅污染浓度由0 mg/kg增加至2 000 mg/kg时,进气值从19.18 kPa下降至12.12 kPa;铅污染导致持水性能降低,渗透系数随铅离子浓度的增加而增加,饱和渗透系数从7.92×10–8 m/s增加到3.73×10–7 m/s;铅污染引起的物理化学反应及Zeta电位的降低导致絮凝结构形成,小孔隙占比减小,中孔隙占比增加;铅污染引起的微观结构演化与宏观持水性和渗透性具有良好的对应关系。该研究结果可为重金属污染场地非饱和渗流及溶质运移等问题的研究提供重要参数。     

Determination of the early Paleozoic accretionary complex in Southwestern Yunnan,China: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean

Accretionary complex study provides important knowledge on the subduction and the geodynamic processes of the oceanic plate, which represents the ancient ocean basin extinction location. Nevertheless, there exist many disputes on the age, material source, and tectonic attribute of the Lancang Group, located in Southwest Yunnan, China. In this paper, the LA-ICP-MS detrital zircon U–Pb chronology of nine metamorphic rocks in the Lancang Group was carried out. The U–Pb ages of the three detrital zircons mainly range from 590–550 Ma, 980–910 Ma, and 1150–1490 Ma, with the youngest detrital zircons having a peak age of about 560 Ma. The U–Pb ages of the six detrital zircons mainly range from 440–460 Ma and 980–910 Ma, and the youngest detrital zircon has a peak age of about 445 Ma. In the Lancang Group, metamorphic acidic volcanic rocks, basic volcanic rocks, intermediate-acid intrusive rocks, and high-pressure metamorphic rocks are exposed in the form of tectonic lens in schist, rendering typical melange structural characteristics of “block + matrix”. Considering regional deformation and chronology, material composition characteristics, and the previous data, this study thinks the Lancang Group may be an early Paleozoic tectonic accretionary complex formed by the eastward subduction of the Changning-Menglian Proto-Tethys Ocean, which provides an important constraint for the Tethys evolution.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Characteristics of Surface Solar Radiation under Different Air Pollution Conditions over Nanjing,China: Observation and Simulation

Surface solar radiation (SSR) can affect climate, the hydrological cycle, plant photosynthesis, and solar power. The values of solar radiation at the surface reflect the influence of human activity on radiative climate and environmental effects, so it is a key parameter in the evaluation of climate change and air pollution due to anthropogenic disturbances. This study presents the characteristics of the SSR variation in Nanjing, China, from March 2016 to June 2017, using a combined set of pyranometer and pyrheliometer observations. The SSR seasonal variation and statistical properties are investigated and characterized under different air pollution levels and visibilities. We discuss seasonal variations in visibility, air quality index (AQI), particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5), and their correlations with SSR. The scattering of solar radiation by particulate matter varies significantly with particle size. Compared with the particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 μm and 10 μm (PM_2.5?10), we found that the PM_2.5 dominates the variation of scattered radiation due to the differences of single-scattering albedo and phase function. Because of the correlation between PM_2.5 and SSR, it is an effective and direct method to estimate PM_2.5 by the value of SSR, or vice versa to obtain the SSR by the value of PM_2.5. Under clear-sky conditions (clearness index ≥0.5), the visibility is negatively correlated with the diffuse fraction, AQI, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5, and their correlation coefficients are ?0.50, ?0.60, ?0.76, and ?0.92, respectively. The results indicate the linkage between scattered radiation and air quality through the value of visibility.     

面向四维变分资料同化的NSAS积云深对流参数化方案的简化及线性化研究

GRAPES全球四维变分资料同化系统需要积云深对流参数化方案的线性化与伴随方案,直接采用原始复杂参数化方案进行线性化并不可行,需要发展简化光滑方案来减缓非线性与非连续性特征。GRAPES全球模式采用NSAS积云对流参数化方案,积云深对流对环境的反馈主要通过补偿下沉来实现,研究突出补偿下沉作用,忽略降水蒸发、动量反馈等贡献,形成简化方案。采用输入温、湿度廓线加入不同幅度小扰动方法,评估参数化方案计算的温度、比湿时间倾向对输入扰动的敏感性,检验非线性与非连续特征。提出避免或减缓非连续“开关”的方法,在简化方案的基础上发展了简化光滑方案。简化光滑方案与原始积云深对流方案相比,在对流触发上一致,在对流的位温与比湿倾向、降水的时序模拟等方面相似,而在减缓非线性、避免非连续性方面显著优于原始方案。基于简化光滑方案发展的线性化方案表明,对小于2倍分析增量幅度的扰动,线性化方案可以较好地模拟非线性方案的扰动发展。发展的简化光滑方案具有合理性和实用性。      

基于证据理论的聚类集成方法

单个聚类方法得到的结果会存在不稳定性等问题,为了克服这些问题,本文在证据理论（又称为信任函数理论）的基础上提出了一种新的聚类集成方法.多数情况下,聚类集成方法主要包含2个关键步骤：得到一组基划分,以及结合基划分得到最终聚类结果,本文的方法重点考虑第2步.在第1步得到基划分之后,将其转换成一种中间表示,可以称这种中间表示为关系表示.在证据理论中,我们认为得到的关系表示是不可靠的,可以用折扣过程对关系表示进行预处理,然后就可以用不同的结合法则融合关系表示.从融合后的关系表示中提取信任矩阵或似然矩阵,将其视为样本间的互相关矩阵.为了能够充分利用样本间的传递性,将得到的互相关矩阵视为一个模糊关系,对其做传递闭包处理,从而得到一个模糊等价关系.将模糊的等价关系视为新的相似性数据,用能够处理相似性数据的聚类方法得到最终的结果.通过实验,表明了该聚类集成方法的稳定性和有效性.     

硬岩超高胎体偏心齿钻头的研制及应用

本文针对硬地层钻头寿命短、钻进效率低等问题,研制了一种新型超高胎体偏心齿钻头。该钻头通过条状或类条状设计提高了单齿工作压力;偏心布齿设计改善了钻进过程中钻头的切削齿受力状态,不但提高了钻头的强度,而且使得排浆更加通畅;扭面后支撑结构保证了钻头具有最高可至30 mm的超高胎体工作层。在钻头的制造工艺上,将无压烧结、热压烧结与二次镶焊3种工艺进行了有机结合,钻头金刚石热损伤小、钻头胎体强度高,保径优势明显,为深部硬地层高效长寿命钻进提供了技术支撑。     

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Ecosystem benefits from coastal habitats—A three-country choice experiment

Coastal habitats provide a variety of benefits for citizens living in littoral countries. The economic value of changes in coastal habitats in the context of the implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan, targeting good ecological status by 2021, in two coastal sites was estimated using the choice experiment method. The selected aspects of marine ecosystem were described in conjunction with ecological changes modeled within the Finnish–Swedish archipelago and the Lithuanian coast. The benefits for Finns, Swedes, and Lithuanians for changes in the adjacent coastal site were estimated with the conditional logit and random parameters logit models accounting for preference heterogeneity. The willingness to pay estimates for healthy perennial vegetation, protection of currently pristine areas, and size of fish stocks differed significantly between populations. The transfer errors ranging from 40%, when transferring the estimates for the same coastal site between populations, to 400%, when transferring between both sites and populations, underline careful consideration in value transfers.     

海洋细菌胞外蛋白酶PPC结构域序列特性与系统进化分析

PPC(Pre-Peptidase C-terminal)结构域广泛分布于分泌型海洋细菌蛋白酶的C末端,对蛋白酶的分泌,锚定及与底物相互吸附起到重要作用。对PPC结构域序列分析发现,PPC结构域存在两个较为保守序列区,且这两个保守区空间结构为β-折叠。尽管有的PPC结构域序列一致性较低,但不同结构域间存在相同的保守序列,且其三维结构相似。为了进一步对不同来源的PPC结构域的进化关系进行系统研究,本研究选取公开发表的PPC结构域,通过在NCBI数据库中搜索得到61条来自于39个细菌所分泌的不同蛋白酶的PPC的氨基酸序列进行系统发育分析。发现PPC结构域在生物进化过程中序列变异性大,保守性弱。其中,有些细菌PPC结构域可能来源于自身基因重复产生,有些细菌PPC结构域则可能由水平基因转移产生。     

二流—四流球谐函数谱展开累加辐射传输方案在全球气候模式中的应用

本文首先构建了二流—四流球谐函数谱展开累加辐射传输的新方案,然后将其应用于国家气候中心第二代大气环流模式BCC_AGCM2.0.1的新版本中,并与模式中原有的Eddington累加方案进行了比较。由于新方案本质上是单层Eddington近似方案在四流上的推广。因此新方案在计算精度上要优于原方案。通过在全球气候模式中的应用与比较,本文发现新方案对气候模拟会产生比较大的影响。在晴空条件下,新方案计算的在南纬30°到60°区间、北大西洋东北部以及非洲北部的撒哈拉沙漠区域的地表向下年平均短波辐射通量要小于原方案结果,最大差别可以达到3.5 W/m2;同时,新方案计算的在南纬30°到60°区间和北大西洋东北部的大气顶向上年平均短波辐射通量要大于原方案结果,最大差别达到3 W/m2。在有云大气情况下,新方案计算的地表向下年平均短波辐射通量要小于原方案结果,并随着纬度的增加,新旧两种方案的差别逐渐变大,在南北极时达到最大5.5 W/m2;同时,新方案计算的在赤道区域的大气顶的年平均短波向上辐射通量要小于原方案结果,最大差别为2.5 W/m2,而在南北纬30°到60°区间,新方案计算的在大气顶的年平均短波向上辐射通量则要大于原方案结果,最大差别为1.5 W/m2。新方案计算的年平均短波加热率普遍高于原方案结果,特别是在800 hPa到地表之间的低层大气以及50 hPa到100 hPa的高层大气,最大差别可达0.03 K/d。因此,新方案有助于改善全球气候模式中普遍存在的赤道平流层中下层的温度冷偏差现象。