冰内及冰下水系演化的示踪试验及其应用研究

简要回顾和介绍了示踪试验方法在冰内及冰下水系演化研究中的应用, 并以ADM模型为例, 对示踪剂扩散模型进行了敏感性试验分析, 分析了不同参数组合条件对示踪剂浓度变化过程的影响. 在海螺沟冰川消融区下游冰舌段开展了示踪试验, 通过对一个固定入水口消融期整个过程的重复投放试验, 获取了每次独立示踪试验示踪剂的浓度变化过程, 并用ADM扩散模型反演了示踪剂传播速度、 水力扩散系数以及平均排水通道面积等相关指标, 揭示了海螺沟冰川此冰舌段冰下排水系统的季节变化过程.     

基于在线示踪技术的岩溶地下河流场反演与水文地质参数估算

以青木关岩溶地下河为例,利用在线高分辨率示踪技术获取基础数据来探寻岩溶地下河形态特征,估算水文地质参数。试验中示踪剂回收率高达99 %,示踪剂历时浓度曲线有两个孤峰,前后峰值浓度分别为37.63 μg/L和1.21 μg/L, 两个孤峰的偏度和峰度均大于0,据此推测青木关岩溶地下河并无较大溶潭发育,且地下河流态为紊流流态。根据试验所得数据结合地下河地理空间信息,以经验公式估算得到地下河平均流速、摩擦系数、雷诺数、舍伍德数、施密特数等水文地质参数,分别为204 m/d、0.26、127 980、4 165、1 140,表明青木关地下河管道内部结构复杂,地下水环境比较脆弱,且估算得到的雷诺数所表征的地下河水流态与示踪剂历时浓度曲线得到的结果一致。      

Effects of tillage management on infiltration and preferential flow in a black soil, Northeast China

The impacts of no-tillage (NT) and moldboard plough (MP) managements on infiltration rate and preferential flow were characterized using a combined technique of double-ring device and dye tracer on a black soil (Mollisols) in Northeast China. The objective of this study is to evaluate how tillage practices enhance soil water infiltration and preferential flow in favor of soil erosion control in the study area. The steady infiltration rates under NT management are 1.6 and 2.1 times as high as those under MP management in the 6th and 8th years of the tillage management in place, while the infiltrated water amounts under NT management are 1.4 and 2.0 times as high as those under MP management, respectively. The depth of methylene blue penetrated into NT soil increases from 43 cm in the 6th year to 57 cm in the 8th year, which are 16 cm and 19 cm deeper than those in MP soil, respectively. The results of morphologic image show that more biological macro-pores occur in NT soil than in MP soil. These macro-pores play a key role in enhancing preferential flow in NT soil, which in turn promotes water infiltration through preferential pathways in NT soil. The results are helpful to policy-making in popularizing NT and have the implications for tillage management in regard to soil erosion control in black soil region of China.     

不同条件下波吉卵囊藻对氨氮的吸收速率

在实验室条件下模拟多种氮源共存的虾池水环境,利用稳定同位素示踪剂,研究温度、光照、盐度、pH、藻浓度对波吉卵囊藻氨氮吸收速率的影响。结果表明:温度、光照和藻浓度对波吉卵囊藻氨氮吸收速率影响极显著(P<0.01)。当温度为20℃,照度为4 500 lx,藻浓度为5.5×105/mL,波吉卵囊藻对氨氮均有最大的吸收速率,分别为1.114、1.400、1.482μg g-1 h-1。单因素方差分析得出波吉卵囊藻吸收氨氮的最优组合为:温度20℃,照度4 500lx,盐度15,pH 7.5,藻浓度5.5×105/mL。可通过对环境因子的调控,提高波吉卵囊藻对水体中氨氮的吸收速率。     

地下水示踪技术在水库渗漏勘察中的应用

岩溶库区渗漏及坝基渗漏勘察往往需要投入大量人力财力和技术。给出了岩溶库区与坝基地下水渗漏勘察的3个实例,对典型岩溶库区渗漏进行的示踪试验表明,渗漏主要受库岸岩溶发育程度控制,水库蓄水水位剧烈变动成为诱发渗漏的主导因素,随着库区水位平稳及河流泥沙对库岸溶洞的淤填,渗漏会随之减弱。典型水库砂砾石坝基渗漏示踪试验显示,渗漏具有主渗通道。示踪成果为水库防渗加固治理提供重要依据。大型示踪试验是一项复杂的勘察工程,把握示踪试验过程与质量监控是取得成功的关键。      

Using a thermal tracer to estimate overland and rill flow velocities

Flow velocity is a basic hydraulic property of surface flows and its precise calculation is necessary for process based hydrological models, such as soil erosion and rill development models, as well as for modelling sediment and solute transport by runoff. This study presents a technique based on infrared thermography to visualize very shallow flows and allow a quantitative measurement of overland flow and rill flow velocities. Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the traditional dye tracer technique with this new thermal tracer technique by injecting a combined tracer (heated dye) into shallow flowing surface water. The leading edge tracer velocities estimated by means of infrared video and by the usual real imaging video were compared. The results show that thermal tracers can be used to estimate both overland and rill flow velocities, since measurements are similar to those resulting from using dye tracers. The main advantage of using thermography was the higher visibility of the leading edge of the injected tracer compared with the real image videos. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广西灵水岩溶大泉水文地质条件

灵水泉为广西典型的构造型岩溶大泉,其泉域分布面积大,泉水具有出口多、流量大、动态较稳定等特点。近些年来,灵水泉出口流量呈现减少的趋势,而且水质也出现了轻微污染,引起当地政府的高度重视。为查明灵水泉含水介质特征与补给特性,综合采用地面调查、物探、钻探和地下水示踪等方法研究灵水泉岩溶管道分布特征,并圈定了灵水泉补给范围。研究成果表明: 灵水泉上游岩溶管道结构为网络状,管道规模不大,呈带状集中分布; 北部一带为该泉主要补给区,典型集中径流带长约8 km,宽200~700 m。根据同位素的高程效应,计算得出灵水泉补给高程为496 m,与圈出的补给范围高程相近,印证了调查结果。本研究可为制定灵水地下水资源的开发利用和保护方案提供依据。     

贵州盘县乐民河流域三股水岩溶泉水文地质条件分析

三股水岩溶泉为贵州碳酸盐岩山区典型的岩溶大泉,周边煤企广布,排污现象普遍,岩溶地下水系统较为脆弱,分析岩溶泉形成的水文地质条件是地下水污染防治的基础。在环境水文地质调查的基础上,对岩溶地下水系统边界及补给、径流、排泄特征进行了分析。地表岩溶形态调查及物探成果显示,盘关向斜东西两翼各发育1条岩溶管道,并在三股水一带相互贯通。示踪试验成果表明,平关及小果郎河一带的降雨及地表水与三股水岩溶泉存在水力联系,三股水岩溶地下水系统中的岩溶含水介质以裂隙-管道型为主,裂隙的大量发育使该岩溶地下水系统具备较强的调蓄能力。     

基于质量守恒的示踪测速模型及实证

示踪测井技术能准确测定地下水渗透流速,传统方法适用于没有垂向流的测井。总结了前人的研究,结合工程实际引入函数vv(z)和vh(z),并根据示踪剂质量守恒的原理建立了基于质量守恒的示踪测速模型,考虑了测井中水流垂向运动的影响。最后利用模型计算了存在较强垂向流的小浪底反调节水库6#井的渗透流速,计算结果与水库渗漏勘探结果一致,说明模型的计算结果是正确的,能排除垂向流的干扰,模型有较强的实际应用价值。     

A multi‐method field experiment to determine local groundwater flow in a glacier forefield

We implemented multiple independent field techniques to determine the direction and velocity of groundwater flow at a specific stream reach in a glacier forefield. Time‐lapse experiments were conducted using two electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) lines installed in a cross pattern. A circular array of groundwater tubes was also installed to monitor groundwater flow via discrete salt injections. Both inter‐borehole and ERT results confirmed this stream section as a losing reach and enabled quantification of the flow direction. Both techniques yielded advection velocities varying between 5.7 and 21.8 m/day. Estimates of groundwater flow direction and velocity indicated that groundwater infiltrates from the stream nearby and not from the adjacent lateral moraine. Groundwater age estimated from radon concentration measurements supported this hypothesis. Despite uncertainties inherent to each of the methods deployed, the combination of multiple field techniques allowed drawing consistent conclusions about local groundwater flow. We thus regard our multi‐method approach as a reliable way to characterize the two‐dimensional groundwater flow at sites where more invasive groundwater investigation techniques are difficult to carry out and local heterogeneities can make single measurements unreliable. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.