地下水含水介质的弥散度测定

以水动力弥散理论为基础,根据改进的水动力弥散装置,以氯化钠作为示踪剂,用电导仪间接地测定溶质的突破曲线,最后用解析法确定地下水多孔介质中溶质迁移的弥散度。     

论铅同位素的地质指示作用

在地球壳、慢物质交换过程中,铅同位素具有从均-趋向不均-或从非均-趋向新的均-的倾向,而使其具备作为指示剂的条件。研究时若将铅同位素的时空演化与成矿作用有机结合,则其指示作用更明显。本文以东秦岭和粤北韶关地区的多种地质体的铅同位素成分资料为基础,探讨了铅同位素在构造环境、物质来源及成矿作用等方面的指示作用。     

Constrains on gravity wave induced diffusion in the middle atmosphere

A review of the important constraints on gravity wave induced diffusion of chemical tracers, heat, and momentum is given. Ground-based microwave spectroscopy measurements of H₂O and CO and rocket-based mass spectrometer measurements of Ar constrain the eddy diffusion coefficient for constituent transport (K _zz ) to be (1–3)×10⁵ cm²s^–1 in the upper mesosphere. Atomic oxygen data also limitsK _zz to a comparable value at the mesopause. From the energy balance of the upper mesosphere the eddy diffusion coefficient for heat transport (D _H ) is, at most 6×10⁵ cm²s^–1 at the mesopause and decreasing substantially with decreasing altitude. The available evidence for mean wind deceleration and the corresponding eddy diffusion coefficient for momentum stresses (D _M ) suggests that it is at least 1×10⁶ cm²s^–1, in the upper mesosphere. Consequently the eddy Prandtl number for macroscopic scale lengths is >3.     

坡面细沟侵蚀产沙时空分布规律试验研究

利用放水冲刷试验结合稀土元素(REE)示踪技术对坡面侵蚀产沙特征及其时空变化进行了研究。结果表明:在径流冲刷下,坡面侵蚀产沙可分为三个不同的阶段并对应不同的产沙特征。其空间变化表现为,在6°、9°情况下,坡面不同坡段的相对侵蚀量沿下坡方向呈现出先减小后增大的趋势;在12°小流量情况下,坡面各坡段的相对侵蚀量与坡度较小的情况相似,当流量较大时,坡面各不同坡段的相对侵蚀量随坡长的增大而减小。但坡面最下端坡段的相对侵蚀量总是随着冲刷历时的延长而减小,其余各坡段的相对侵蚀量则呈现出缓慢的波动式上升。     

Reach-Scale Cation Exchange Controls on Major Ion Chemistry of an Antarctic Glacial Meltwater Stream

McMurdo dry valleys of Antarctica represent the largest of the ice-free areas on the Antarctic continent, containing glaciers, meltwater streams, and closed basin lakes. Previous geochemical studies of dry valley streams and lakes have addressed chemical weathering reactions of hyporheic substrate and geochemical evolution of dry valley surface waters. We examine cation transport and exchange reactions during a stream tracer experiment in a dry valley glacial meltwater stream. The injection solution was composed of dissolved Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^-. Chloride behaved conservatively in this stream, but Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ were reactive to varying degrees. Mass balance analysis indicates that relative to Cl^-, Li⁺ and K⁺ were taken up in downstream transport and Na⁺ was released. Simulations of conservative and reactive (first-order uptake or generation) solute transport were made with the OTIS (one-dimensional solute transport with inflow and storage) model. Among the four experimental reaches of Green Creek, solute transport simulations reveal that Li⁺ was removed from stream water in all four reaches, K⁺ was released in two reaches, taken up in one reach, and Na⁺ was released in all four reaches. Hyporheic sediments appear to be variable with uptake of Li⁺ in two reaches, uptake of K⁺ in one reach, release of K⁺ in two reaches, and uptake of Na⁺ in one reach. Mass balances of the conservative and reactive simulations show that from 1.05 to 2.19 moles of Li⁺ was adsorbed per reach, but less than 0.3 moles of K⁺ and less than 0.9 moles of Na⁺ were released per reach. This suggests that either (1) exchange of another ion which was not analyzed in this experiment or (2) that both ion exchange and sorption control inorganic solute transport. The elevated cation concentrations introduced during the experiment are typical of initial flows in each flow season, which flush accumulated dry salts from the streambed. We propose that the bed sediments (which compose the hyporheic zone) modulate the flushing of these salts during initial flows each season, due to ion exchange and sorption reactions.     

污水泵浓盐水示踪测流研究

针对污水泵流量监测中常规测流方法的缺点,结合工程实践,研究浓盐水示踪法在污水泵流量监测中的可行性,提出该方法适于在低背景盐浓度下污水的测流;观察激励信号、温度等对测流结果的影响,给出修正方法;利用计算机采集技术,提高方法的准确性、实时性。     

润扬长江大桥水文地质单井同位素示踪试验研究

文章以润扬长江大桥水文地质单井同位素示踪为试验研究对象，介绍一种新的单井同位素示踪稀释测井方法。它可以在人工和天然地下水渗流场情况下，测量到地下水的渗透流速、流向、垂向流速流向、含水层的层间补给关系、含水层的涌水量和吸水量、每米含水层的渗透系数等地下工程必需的水文地质参数，从而更广泛地应用于与地下工程相关的各个领域。     

黄土坡面细沟侵蚀过程的REE示踪

利用REE示踪技术探讨了坡面细沟侵蚀的发育过程。试验结果表明：在细沟发育过程中，各坡段细沟侵蚀量呈动态变化趋势；细沟发育过程可以分为起始、发展、稳定3个阶段，在不同阶段，侵蚀方式、发育特征迥异。总的看来，在坡顶部、上部、中部、下部4个坡段上，细沟发育过程中，坡面下部的侵蚀量较大。但随着放水流量的增加，坡面上部侵蚀量的比重增加。由于溯源侵蚀，最下部坡段的相对侵蚀量从92％减少到37％，呈显著下降趋势，其它3个坡段则分别从4．7％、0．25％、2．14％增加到29％、17％和23％。试验结果还表明，REE示踪法不仅可定量测定不同坡位的侵蚀量，还可以揭示冲刷过程中各坡位相对侵蚀量的变化趋势。     

SF6在地下水应用中的研究现状

SF6是无味、无毒的惰性气体,难被生物降解,不易被有机质吸附,即使是在强还原环境下也没有明显地降解。目前大气中SF6的浓度约以7%的速度增长,而且已实现了大气和地下水中SF6的测试技术,其具有较为简单的分析和取样流程。SF6作为一种新的示踪剂在地下水的研究中具有潜在的应用价值,它能够较好地描述地下水运动规律、径流机理,测试地下水的滞留时间和运移速率,解释地下水的循环过程和混合作用等,在地下水的研究中发挥着重要的作用。然而我国对SF6的研究还处在起步阶段,实现SF6在地下水研究中的应用,建立SF6的长期大气观测站迫在眉睫,联合运用多种多示踪剂解决地下水中科学问题是发展的趋势之一。     

热带北太平洋西部固氮速率及固氮微生物组成

In the present study, we report N_2 fixation rate(~(15)N isotope tracer assay) and the diazotroph community structure(using the molecular method) in the western tropical North Pacific Ocean(WTNP)(13°–20°N, 120°–160°E). Our independent evidence on the basis of both in situ N_2 fixation activity and diazotroph community structure showed the dominance of unicellular N_2 fixation over majority of the WTNP surface waters during the sampling periods.Moreover, a shift in the diazotrophic composition from unicellular cyanobacteria group B-dominated to Trichodesmium spp.-dominated toward the western boundary current(Kuroshio) was also observed in 2013. We hypothesize that nutrient availability may have played a major role in regulating the biogeography of N_2 fixation.In surface waters, volumetric N_2 fixation rate(calculated by nitrogen) ranged between 0.6 and 2.6 nmol/(L·d) and averaged(1.2±0.5) nmol/(L·d), with 10 μm size fraction contributed predominantly(88%±6%) to the total rate between 135°E and 160°E. Depth-integrated N_2 fixation rate over the upper 200 m ranged between 150 μmol/(m~2·d)and 480 μmol/(m~2·d)(average(225±105) μmol/(m~2·d). N_2 fixation can account for 6.2%±3.7% of the depthintegrated primary production, suggesting that N_2 fixation is a significant N source sustaining new and export production in the WTNP. The role of N_2 fixation in biogeochemical cycling in this climate change-vulnerable region calls for further investigations.