地震道的分形维计算及在滩海地区油藏描述中的应用

研究在滩海地区实现少打井多探明油气储量。首先给出利用地震数据求取容量维（振幅维）、关联维和R／S分析分形维等3种分形维数的计算方法,并阐明它们各自的物理意义。在分析滩海地区地震和地质条件的基础上,通过制作地质模型和对实际地震资料的分形维数计算,探讨了应用地震道的分形维数进行储层预测和油气检测的方法。在胜利滩海地区的应用实践表明,分形分维技术能够较准确地反映由地震波形等引起储层和油气层的变化,是1种比较好的进行储层预测和油气检测方法,在滩海地区的油藏描述中发挥了重要作用。     

青岛近海海域气溶胶干沉降通量模拟Ⅱ--几种微量金属的干沉降通量研究

了解元素的地球化学特征,运用改进了湿度计算方法的Williams干沉降模型和同步观测的气象数据,计算了不同粒径气溶胶粒子在青岛海区海水表面的干沉降速率,并结合实验测定的Al,Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb,Zn6种金属元素的平均浓度,估算了它们从2001年5月~2002年4月在仰口(1#)、八关山(2#)和沧口(3#)3个采样点的每月和全年干沉降通量。结果显示,地壳元素Al,Fe,Mn在春、冬季对海域的输入量较大,而人为元素Cu,Pb,Zn则在秋、冬季较高。总悬浮颗粒物和这6种金属元素的干沉降通量在空间上的分布特征为:3#>2#>1#。PM10(空气动力学粒径<10μm的颗粒)颗粒物的干沉降通量远低于TSP(总悬浮颗粒物),仅占TSP干沉降通量的6.6%。PM10与TSP中6种金属元素的浓度比和干沉降通量比表明,Cu,Pb,Zn更容易分布在PM10颗粒物上。除Pb外,PM10及PM10颗粒物中Al,Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn干沉降通量的月际变化和TSP基本一致。     

The Impact of Precipitation Scavenging on the Transport of Trace Gases: A 3-Dimensional Model Sensitivity Study

With the global Chemistry-Transport model MATCHsensitivity simulations were performed to determinethe degree to which especially upward transport ofgases from the earth's surface is limited byconvective and large-scale precipitation scavenging.When only dissolution of species in the liquid phaseis taken into account, mixing ratio reductions in themiddle and upper troposphere by 10% arecalculated for gases with a Henry's Law constant H of10³ mol/l/atm. The removal increases to 50% forH = 10⁴ mol/l/atm, and to 90% for H =10⁵ mol/l/atm. We also consider scavenging by theice phase, which is generally much less efficient thanby the aqueous phase. In fact, rejection of gases fromfreezing water droplets may be a source of trace gasat higher altitudes.H₂O₂ and the strong acids (H₂SO₄,HNO₃, HCl, HBr, HI) have such large solubilitiesthat they become largely removed by precipitation.When significant concentrations of these gases andsulfate aerosol exist above the liquid water domain ofthe atmosphere, they have likely been produced thereor at higher altitudes, although some could have comefrom trace gas rejection from ice particles or fromevaporating hydrometeors. Several other gases areaffected by precipitation, but not strongly enough toprevent fractional transfer to the middle and uppertroposphere: e.g., HNO₄, HNO₂ at pH 5,CH₂O, the organic acids at pH 6,CH₃SOCH₃, HOCl, HOBr, and HOI. NH₃ islargely removed by liquid phase scavenging at pH 7 and SO₂ atpH 7. At pH less thanabout 6, upward transport of SO₂ should largelydepend on the efficiency of oxidation processes in thewater droplets by O₃ and H₂O₂.Most gases have solubilities which are too low forsignificant precipitation scavenging and aqueous phaseoxidation to occur. This holds, e.g., for O₃, CO,the hydrocarbons, NO, NO₂, HCN, CH₃CN,CH₃SCH₃, CH₃O₂H, CH₃CHOandhigher aldehydes, CH₃OH and higher alcohols,peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN), CH₃COCH₃ andother ketones (note that some of these are not listedin Table I because their solubilities are below 10mol/l/atm). Especially for the short-lived gases,transfer from the boundary layer to the middle andupper troposphere is actually promoted by the enhancedupward transport that occurs in clouds.     

应用卫星遥感技术监测大气痕量气体的研究进展

大气污染是全球环境变化的焦点,传统的地面定点监测大气污染技术已经越来越不能满足科学研究和国家决策的需求,大尺度卫星遥感大气污染技术作为一种新兴的研究手段,可以得到大尺度、长时间序列的污染物时空分布特征和变化趋势,进而研究大气化学变化对全球气候和生物地球化学循环的影响。对卫星遥感大气痕量气体科学领域的发展和国际上使用的各类大气痕量气体传感器以及所取得的科研成果进行了全面的综述,结合中国地区的自身特点,提出我国利用卫星遥感技术研究大气成分的思路和未来开展科研工作的方向。     

Relations between Light Hydrocarbon, Carbon Monoxide, and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the Plume from the Combustion of Plant Material in a Furnace

To systematically explain relations between light hydrocarbons, CO, and CO₂ concentrations/emissions of biomassburning, we measured concentrations/emissions of carbon gases – CO,CO₂, light hydrocarbons (CH₄, C₂H₆,C₂H₄, C₂H₂, C₃H₈, C₃H₆,n-C₄H₁₀, i-C₄H₁₀, n-C₅H₁₂,i-C₅H₁₂), and THC (total hydrocarbon) – in the burning of dead plant material, mainly Imperata grass, byclosed-chamber experiments and by time-series analyses of gas concentrations in combustion plumes in relatively efficient and inefficient combustion situations. Concentrations of hydrocarbons measured were well correlated to [CO] although [C₂H₂] was exceptionally well correlated to[CO₂]. The phase diagrams (relation between [CO]/ [CO₂] and [hydrocarbon]/ [CO₂]) obtained by the time-seriesexperiments well illustrated the variation in the overall emission rates of the closed-chamber experiments. The higher rates of decrease in hydrocarbon concentration with increasing carbon number in the efficient case compared with the inefficient case probably reflected the rate of oxidation and the amount of radicals. The overall concentrations (or emissions) of C₂H₄ and C₃H₆ were higher thanthose of C₂H₆ and C₃H₈, suggesting a linkage to mechanisms in whichthe predominant path of hydrocarbon oxidation is through the degradation of alkyl radicals, which can be immediately converted into or formed from alkenes. For C₃ and C₄ species, normal-chain species hadhigher emissions than iso-chain species under lower combustion efficiency. This may be attributable to the presence of tertiary C–H bonds in iso-species,which show more reactivity in the abstraction of H than secondary C–H bonds unless the carbon number is large.     

On the scavenging of SO2 by cloud and raindrops: I. A theoretical study of SO2 absorption and desorption for water drops in air

An extention of our previous theory for trace gas absorption into freely-falling cloud and raindrops is presented. This theory describes the convective diffusion of a trace gas through air and into a water drop with internal circulation, the drop falling at its terminal velocity. Using flow fields for the circulating water inside and for the moving air outside the drop, obtained by numerical solutions to the Navier—Stokes equation of motion, we numerically solved the convective diffusion equation to determine the uptake of SO₂ by water drops of various sizes, time exposure to the gas phase, and concentration of SO₂ in the gas phase. It was found that for drops of radius larger than 1 mm and relatively low gas concentrations (10 ppb (v)), resistance to gas diffusion lies mainly in the gas phase; while for drops of radius less than 500 m and gas concentrations larger than those found in the atmosphere (1% (v)), the resistance to diffusion lies primarily in the liquid phase. With drop sizes and gas concentrations between these limits, the rate of SO₂ uptake is controlled by a coupled resistance to diffusion inside and outside the drop. In addition to our general model, a simplified version was formulated which allows considerable savings in computer time for evaluation and improved ease of handling without significant loss of accuracy. A comparison between our simplified model and that of Barrie (1978) shows that the boundary-layer approach of Barrie may be a useful alternate approach to estimating trace gas absorption by water drops, provided appropriate values are chosen for the thickness of the boundary layers involved.     

微量元素肥料及稀土肥料应用现状及开发前景

农作物在生长发育过程中所需的营养元素达 16种以上。其中B、Cu、Mo、Zn、Mn、Fe等微量元素及镧系元素 (稀土 )对于提高农作物产量、增强作物抗逆性能、提高作物品质等方面具有不容忽视的作用。在研究开发微肥与稀土微肥的同时 ,对含多种微量元素及稀土的矿肥的研究与开发也应引起足够重视。     

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔榴辉岩中金红石微量元素地球化学特征

本文利用电子探针分析了中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔各种类型榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr和Zr含量。Zack等(2002)的金红石Nb-Cr图解表明榴辉岩的原岩均为镁铁质岩,但不同类型榴辉岩具有不同的地球化学特征,即:1金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石的Nb和Cr含量大致相同,主孔中上述榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量与区域上小焦金红石矿区金红石榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量基本相同。总体来讲,区域和主孔榴辉岩中金红石以低Nb为特征,反映它们的原岩为镁铁质岩石。2蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石具最高的Nb和Cr含量,其Nb和Cr均值分别为720×10-6和712×10-6,多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石比金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石富集Cr。利用Zack等(2004)提出的金红石地质温度计,计算得出金红石榴辉岩的金红石形成温度介于608~746℃,石英榴辉岩的金红石温度介于629~680℃,钛铁矿榴辉岩金红石的形成温度介于629~704℃,蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩的金红石形成温度为600℃,角闪岩的金红石形成温度为629℃。一种可能的解释是,榴辉岩在折返过程中退变质作用明显,流体活动强烈,导致金红石中Zr扩散丢失,金红石中Zr含量不同程度地受到角闪岩相退变质过程中再平衡作用的影响,致使计算的温度偏低。     

利用Ka波段毫米波雷达功率谱反演云降水大气垂直速度和雨滴谱分布研究

利用中国气象科学研究院2016年华南云降水试验中Ka波段毫米波雷达探测一次层状云降水过程,开展了云内大气垂直速度和雨滴谱的反演研究,并与地面激光雨滴谱仪和微降水雷达的测量雨滴谱结果进行对比分析。首先,采用小粒子示踪法从功率谱密度中反演大气垂直速度以得到静止空气条件下的功率谱密度,进而利用粒子下落末速度-粒子直径关系反演出雨滴谱,最后进行标准化的Gamma分布拟合。研究表明:(1)云降水从零度层到地面1 km,主要由下沉气流主导,近地面大气浮游粒子和直流干扰造成的晴空杂波会影响雷达的功率谱分布;受动态范围限制,回波强度过饱和现象会影响近地面大气垂直速度的反演结果;(2)毫米波雷达CR、微雨雷达MRR和地面雨滴谱仪测量回波强度存在一定差异,MRR相较于CR与地面雨滴谱仪测量偏差较小;在稳定降水时CR和MRR功率谱密度对比较为一致;(3) CR和MRR反演雨滴谱对比实验中,雨滴谱反演对大气垂直速度十分敏感,大气垂直速度的变化,会使CR反演雨滴谱随着高度增加数浓度量级变大、粒子平均半径变小。CR反演的雨滴谱与M RR反演结果基本一致,验证了CR功率谱反演雨滴谱方法的可靠性;(4) CR与地面雨滴谱仪雨滴谱拟合参数的对比表明,CR大气垂直反演的雨滴谱与地面雨滴谱相比粒子平均直径Dm较小,数浓度则较为一致。     

侧向水平进水孔口立轴旋涡的试验研究

通过自制模型对侧向水平孔口的立轴旋涡进行基础试验研究。使用有色颜料追踪旋涡表面的质点运动,观测到其轨迹线为多圈螺旋流,并根据这一特性采用摄像法和图形处理技术对时均速度进行测量,与理论结果对比证明这种简单经济的方法是可行的。通过改变试验装置分析来流方向对旋涡的影响,表明进口轴线与来流方向之间的夹角过大是形成立轴旋涡的诱因之一。根据试验结果得出不同来流方向的临界淹没水深计算公式,并对公式进行推广,可作为设计时的参考依据。