磁铁矿中微量元素的激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱分析方法探讨

微区原位分析提供了固体物质的元素及同位素组成的空间分布信息,有利于解决不同的地质问题、环境问题和工业方面的问题。磁铁矿中微量元素地球化学组成有助于研究成矿时的物理化学条件和示踪新的矿床。本文建立了利用激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)分析磁铁矿中微量元素的方法,探讨了选择必要的分析元素,选择合适的内标、外标,选择恰当的束斑大小等方法。以LA-ICP-MS分析澳大利亚Ernest Henry IOCG矿床磁铁矿中微量元素的方法为例,采用NIST SRM 610作为外标,Fe作为内标较为合理;正常情况下采用32~60 μm的激光束,但对于个别样品中磁铁矿颗粒较小,可以考虑使用较小的激光束(24 μm或16 μm);为消除质谱干扰,Ti选择测量⁴⁹Ti,Cu选择测量⁶⁵Cu,Sn选择测量¹¹⁸Sn。     

Element residence and transport during subduction-zone metasomatism: evidence from a jadeitite-serpentinite contact,Guatemala

Jadeitite is a rare constituent of serpentinite-matrix mélange bodies from certain subduction complexes. Most jadeitite crystallizes from Na-, Al-, and Si-bearing fluids that are apparently derived from multiple subduction-zone sources. Even though jadeitite is near-end-member NaAlSi₂O₆ in major element composition and is volumetrically minor in subduction complexes, its trace elements and stable isotopes appear to record fluid compositions not directly seen in other subduction zone metasomatic systems.

Prior to our work, how jadeitite-forming fluids interact with serpentinite host rocks and serpentinizing fluids were largely unknown, because serpentinite-to-jadeitite contacts are generally not exposed. In the Sierra de las Minas, Guatemala, we have studied a 3 m-wide pit transecting the contact between a mined-out jadeitite body and its host serpentinite. An apparent transition zone between the former jadeitite and nearby serpentinite exposed in the mine pit contains four texturally distinct rock types of differing outcrop colours, composed of albitites and meta-ultramafic rocks. (The jadeitite body is now represented only by a large spoil pile.) Seven samples from the contact zone, jadeitite from the spoil pile, a serpentinite outcrop approximately 1 m outside the pit, and a jadeitite nodule within the contact zone albitite were analysed for major, minor, and trace elements.

Abundances of Al₂O₃, Na₂O, MgO, FeO, Cr, Ni, and Sc track the contact between sheared albitite and foliated meta-ultramafic rocks. These elements change from values typical of Guatemalan jadeitites in the jadeitite block and albitites in the contact zone to values for Guatemalan meta-ultramafic rocks and serpentinites across the contact zone. In addition, the abundances of SiO₂, CaO, Fe₂O₃, K₂O, Rb, Cs, and Y show important features. Of greatest interest, perhaps, approximately 15 cm from the contact with meta-ultramafic rock, Zr, U, Hf, Pb, Ba, Sr, Y, and Cs in albitite are greatly enriched compared to elsewhere in the contact zone. Element enrichments spatially coincide with the appearance, increase in modal abundance, and/or increase in grain sizes of zircon, rare earth element (REE) rich epidote, titantite, and celsian within albitite. All of these ‘trace-element-rich’ accessory minerals show poikiloblastic inclusions of albite, which suggests that they grew concomitantly in the metasomatic zone.

Graphical and computational methods of evaluating mass changes of metasomatites relative to likely protoliths show that, near the contact, fewer minor and trace elements in albitite show 1:1 coordination with presumed protoliths. Most metasomatitites are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and heat-producing elements (HPE) relative to likely protoliths. Albitite near the contact with meta-ultramafic rocks also shows ultramafic components. Except for a Ca-rich actinolite schist zone, the meta-ultramafic rocks are depleted in LILE and HPE relative to serpentinite; host serpentinite is itself under-abundant in these elements relative to average upper mantle or chondrite.

In summary, the metasomatic zone shows more evidence for the introduction of components to albitite and actinolitic meta-ultramafic rock than it does for exchange of protolith components between jadeitite and serpentinite. The fluid that presumably formed the metasomatites was sufficiently rich in LILE and high-field-strength elements (HFSE) to both saturate and grow minerals in which Zr, Ba, and Ti are essential structural constituents and/or HFSE, LILE, and HPE minor to moderate substituents. These geochemically diverse element groups were fixed in albitite via the crystallization and growth of new accessory minerals within these rocks during albititization. The amount of LILE and HPE-depleted meta-ultramafic rock appears to be too small to call upon a local source for the LILE and HPE-enrichment seen in albitites. Therefore, LILE and HPE must be of exotic origin, carried and deposited by fluids within the albitites at the jadeitite-serpentinite contact. This contact clearly testifies to an alteration style that involved crystallization of ‘trace-element’-rich minerals during fluid flow; this process appears to be essential to mass transfer within subduction zones.     

Late Permian–Triassic siliciclastic provenance,palaeogeography, and crustal growth of the Songpan terrane,eastern Tibetan Plateau: evidence from U–Pb ages,trace elements,and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons

In order to constrain the detrital provenance of the siliciclastic rocks, palaeogeographic variations, and crustal growth history of central China, we carried out simultaneously in situ U–Pb dating and trace element and Hf isotope analyses on 368 detrital zircons obtained from upper Permian–Triassic sandstones of the Songpan terrane, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Two groups of detrital zircons, i.e. magmatic and metamorphic in origin, have been identified based on cathodoluminescence images, zircon Ti-temperatures, and Th/U ratios. Our data suggest that the derivation of siliciclastic rocks in the Songpan terrane was mainly from the Qinling, Qilian, and Kunlun orogens, whereas the Yangtze and North China Cratons served as minor source areas during late Permian–Triassic times. The detrital zircons from Middle–Late Triassic siliciclastic rocks exhibit wide age spectra with two dominant populations of 230–600 Ma and >1600 Ma, peaking at ~1.8–1.9 Ga and ~2.4–2.5 Ga, suggestive of a derivation from the Qinling, Qilian, and Kunlun orogens and the Yangtze Craton being the minor source area. The proportions of detrital zircon populations from the northern Qinling, Qilian, and Kunlun orogens distinctly decreased during Middle–Late Triassic time, demonstrating that the initial uplift of the western Qinling occurred then and it could have blocked most of the detritus from the Qilian–northern Qinling orogens and North China Cratons into the main Songpan–Ganzi depositional basin. The relatively detrital zircon proportions of the Yangtze Craton source decreased during Early-Middle Late Triassic time, indicating that the Longmenshan orogen was probably being elevated, since the early Late Triassic and gradually formed a barrier between the Yangtze Craton and the Songpan terrane. In addition, our Lu–Hf isotopic results also reveal that the Phanerozoic magmatic rocks in central China had been the primary products of crustal reworking with insignificant formation of a juvenile crust.     

河北赤城地区土城子组中一例极可能的兽脚类恐龙蹲伏迹

描述了河北省赤城县寺梁山土城子（后城）组一例极可能的兽脚类恐龙蹲伏迹及相关的足迹,该蹲伏迹也是该组地层目前发现的最大的兽脚类足迹。虽然缺乏前足迹和尾迹。但因保存了左跖骨印、关联的坐骨及可能的耻骨胼胝印被定为蹲伏迹。该蹲伏迹是世界上第三例非对称的兽脚类恐龙蹲伏迹。     

务川大竹园铝土矿床微量元素地球化学特征分析

务川大竹园铝土矿分布于黔中-渝南铝土矿成矿带的北部,成矿地质条件较好。本文通过大竹园矿区系统采集样品微量元素分析结果,与全球地壳丰度、中国大陆地壳丰度及山西铝土矿进行分析对比,探讨微量元素在平面上及纵向上的分布特征及其变化规律,分析其综合利用可能性。研究表明,微量元素在向斜两翼平面上的没有明显变化特征,而各元素在各类型岩（矿）石中有一定的分布规律,发现Li、Be、Sc、Ca、Zr、Nb等“三稀”元素达到了综合利用价值,这对下一步铝土矿综合勘查、合理开发提供了一定的理论依据,具有现实的指导意义。     

云南羊拉铜矿床矿物组成、地球化学特征及其地质意义

云南羊拉铜矿床位于金沙江构造带中部,是三江地区一个十分典型的大型铜矿床。羊拉铜矿床的金属矿物为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、方铅矿、自然铋、辉铋矿、毒砂、辉砷钴矿、辉钼矿等,根据金属矿物的共生组合,推测羊拉铜矿床为中高温热液矿床。羊拉铜矿床与羊拉花岗闪长岩体具有密切的成因联系,通过对羊拉铜矿床铜矿石稀土元素、微量元素的分布特征和羊拉花岗闪长岩的对比及S、Pb同位素组成的研究,表明成矿物质主要来源于地幔,部分来源于岩浆。早二叠世晚期金沙江洋盆向西俯冲形成了一系列逆断层。同时,金沙江洋盆向西低角度俯冲导致下地壳部分熔融,引发大规模的火山岩浆作用。在晚三叠世早期,构造背景由挤压环境到伸展环境的转折期,这些逆断层具有张性的特点,为后期的成矿热液提供了有利的容矿构造。持续上升的岩浆为地幔楔内的成矿流体提供了通道,岩浆内的部分成矿流体进入羊拉花岗闪长岩体附近的逆断层富集成矿。     

用于地震反射界面识别的瞬时相位复合属性

复地震道技术采用Hilbert变换通过求解实地震信号的解析信号,可将反映地震信号局部变化情况的地震波的瞬时振幅、瞬时相位和瞬时频率等信息分离开,瞬时相位是一种独立于地震振幅,并且不受其影响的地震属性参数,因此瞬时相位能更好地反映构造几何形态的细节.通过理论模型分析发现,瞬时振幅与极性反转前后地震记录的瞬时相位一阶差分之和进行加权,得到的复合属性可以较为准确、可靠地识别地震反射界面的位置,具有较好的应用效果.     

海南石碌铁矿北一南六矿体地球化学特征

北一、南六矿体是海南石碌铁矿床最主要的2个铁矿体,赋矿围岩同为二透岩,铁矿石主要为赤铁矿加少量磁铁矿.研究两矿体赋矿围岩和富铁矿石的地球化学特征,比较其物质组成差异性,可以为本矿床深部和外围找矿提供有用信息.研究表明,北一、南六2个矿体二透岩、富铁矿的主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素配分曲线差异明显;北一矿体二透岩除CaO和Co含量低于南六矿体样品外,其余氧化物及微量元素含量均高于南六矿体样品;北一矿体二透岩及富铁矿有Eu弱负异常,南六矿体二透岩及富铁矿Eu正异常;所有样品均表现Ce的弱负异常和轻稀土相对亏损、重稀土相对富集的特征.研究结果表明两矿体成矿环境或受后期热液影响不同.     

Rubidium‐strontium geochronology of the encounter bay granite and adjacent Metasedimentary rocks,South Australia

Rubidium‐strontium and strontium isotope data for eight whole‐rock samples of granite varieties from the Encounter Bay area, South Australia, yield an isochron age of 487 ± 37 m.y. Two specimens of albitised granite, formed as a result of late‐stage metasomatic alteration of original megacrystic granite, conform to this isochron. These data support a genetic relation between granites and late‐stage metasomatic alteration as suspected from field, petrographical and geochemical studies. Eight samples from contiguous Kanmantoo Group metasedimentary rocks have an isochron age of 487 ± 60 m.y. Thus this metamorphic event is coincident with emplacement of the Encounter Bay Granite.

The initial Sr⁸⁷Sr⁸⁶ ratio for the Encounter Bay Granite (0.719) is significantly higher than initial ratios for the Palmer (0.709) and Anabama (0.705) Granites from the same region and can be attributed to either remobilisation or incorporation of strontium from older crustal material in the intrusion. The apparent initial Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratio for the Kanmantoo Group metasedimentary rocks (0.722) can not be distinguished from that for the Encounter Bay Granite within the analytical uncertainties. Compatability of ages and high initial Sr⁸⁷Sr⁸⁶ ratios suggest that the granites formed by remobilisation of associated crustal rock.     

Wind-generated tool marks resembling trace fossils in a shallow estuarine environment

A suite of tool marks were observed in the seaward section of a small estuary on the south coast of New South Wales. The marks were formed through wind-generated waves dragging Eucalyptus leaves and Casuarina fronds over the backshore sands that separate the closed estuary from the sea. Some of the marks formed through the process of tilting, which has not previously been recognised in an Australian setting. A number of the more complex marks closely resemble trace fossils left by fish, and differentiation between the two in the sedimentary record could be difficult. If correctly identified as tool marks, then they could give a spurious estimate of palaeoflow direction, as they correspond to the orientation of the prevailing winds at the time of formation. This study highlights the need for judicious interpretation of ambiguous grooves in the sedimentary record.