20年来部分黑土耕层有机质和全氮含量的变化

黑土有机质含量的变化一直倍受社会关注。根据第二次全国土壤普查的采样记录,2001年在吉林省黑土区采集了27个土壤样品,分析测定了耕层土壤(深度与第二次土普数据相同)的有机质和全氮含量。与第二次土普查数据对比发现,过去20年间,吉林省黑土土壤有机质和全氮含量有增有减,但平均水平无明显变化。与已有的研究对比分析,高产玉米生产条件下的根系碳输入量可能抵消矿化损失的有机质量,使水土流失不严重区域的黑土土壤有机质水平维持平衡,有机质含量下降的土壤可能是水土流失的结果。而在水土流失不严重地区土壤有机质则可能增加。     

天津机场局地热雷暴分析

通过对2001年8月10日和11日天津机场两次局地热雷暴分析，找出热雷暴的特点，利用T-LnP图中S参数（沙氏指数）、850hPa和500hPa温度差、500hPa温度的综合分析得到的S参数和温度的量化指标，并用K指数，总能量相当总温度分析，以及量化指标找到局地热雷暴的预报着眼点。     

Emissions of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by savanna fires

Although Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are known as anthropogenic compounds arising from the combustion or the pyrolysis of fossil fuels, they may be also emitted by the combustion of vegetation. A field study was carried out in January 1991 at Lamto (Ivory Coast) as part of the FOS DECAFE experiment (Fire Of Savanna). Some ground samplings were devoted to the qualitative and quantitative characterization of atmospheric emissions by savanna fires during prescribed burns and under background conditions. Specific collections for gaseous and particulate PAHs have shown that the African practice of burning the savanna biomass during the winter months is an important source of PAHs. These compounds are emitted mainly in gaseous form but a significant fraction, essentially heavy PAHs, is associated with fine carbonaceous particles and can therefore represent a hazard for human health, since some of these compounds are mutagenic and carcinogenic. Twelve compounds were identified during the fire episodes and in the atmospheric background. The total concentration in the fires is of the order of 10 ng m^–3 for the gas phase and from 0.1 to 1 ng m^–3 in the aerosols. In the atmospheric background the mean concentrations are regular, 0.15 ng m^–3 and 2 pg m^–3, respectively. These concentrations are comparable with what is observed in European rural zones. The particulate emissions of PAHs by the savanna fires are distinguished by the abundance of some compounds which can be considered as tracers, although they are also slightly emitted by fossil fuel sources. These compounds are essentially pyrene, chrysene and coronene. In the gas phase, although no individual PAH may be considered as specific of the biomass combustion emissions, the relative abundances of the main PAHs are characteristic of the biomass burning. The concentrations of pyrene and fluorene are always predominant; these compounds could be considered as characteristic emission products of smoldering and flaming episodes, respectively. In the background the PAH composition shows that in a tropical region the air consists of a mixture coming from the various sources, but the biomass combustion is by far the most important source.The fluxes of total PAH emitted by savanna biomass burning in Africa were estimated to be of the order of 17 and 600 ton yr^–1, respectively, for the particulate PAHs and the gaseous PAHs, respectively.     

Long-Term Trend in Ozone and Erythemal UV at Indian Latitudes

The role of atmospheric ozone to protect the living organisms and vegetation from the harmful effects of ultraviolet irradiation is well known. Depletion of the ozone layer is a great threat to the human society. In this paper we have discussed the lethal effects of ozone depletion and have presented the ozone and UV-B scenarios from 1979 to 2005 at different Indian latitudes using satellite data. The erythemal UV irradiance data obtained from Nimbus-7 and Earth probe total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) and the tropospheric and stratospheric ozone data obtained from the convective cloud differential (CCD) method have been used to study the variability of erythemal UV irradiance and the stratospheric and tropospheric column ozone, respectively, over a period from 1979 to 2005. The observed results along with the expected upper and lower tolerance limits for tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, respectively, for different Indian latitudes, which have been estimated statistically using monthly mean CCD ozone data from 1979 to 2005 have been discussed in detail.     

总云量资料所揭示的东亚经度上季风之进退及低频振荡特征

由于总云量带可以指示季风的前缘，因此利用日本气象厅出版的卫星总云量资料研究东亚季风之进退，得到了用常规资料难以获得的重要结果。分析表明，作为季风前缘的低纬和北半球中纬两条总云量带的活动可以用来表示１９８８年３月￣１９８９年２月东亚经度上全年南北半球冬夏季风之进退。据此，揭示了全年东亚经度上季风进退的年循环过程，特别揭示了南海－西太平洋和印尼－北澳热带季风的进退规律。此外还指出，总云量低频波由中纬向     

紫金山不同海拔高度土壤的碳氮分布特征

有机碳氮是影响陆地生态系统的重要因子,保持并提高土壤碳氮储量,是稳定生态系统生产力的关键.以南京紫金山土壤为研究对象,依照海拔高度进行采样,对比分析了土壤有机碳氮的变化规律.研究结果表明:紫金山土壤有机碳氮受地表植被的影响比较大,混交林>林地>草地,土壤有机碳氮总量随海拔的升高呈现上升趋势,土壤碳氮比高达34~45,且随海拔升高呈下降趋势.相关分析表明,紫金山土壤有机碳与全氮质量分数呈显著正相关关系,由此说明氮素主要以有机氮的形式存在于有机质中.     

西南地区云量变化特征

利用西南地区(云南、贵州、四川、重庆)记录较为完整的73个测站1956~2005年月平均云量资料,采用经验正交函数分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验方法,研究分析了西南地区云量的时空分布特征。结果表明:就全年而言,整个西南地区总云量的变化趋势一致,且存在着明显的年际变化特征,1990年代以后全年总云量表现出减少趋势;此外,总云量的分布在一定程度上受地形和区域气候的影响。从季节来看,夏、秋、冬季的总云量在西南地区为空间一致的变化趋势,而春季四川盆地北部总云量的变化趋势与其余地区相反;四季总云量也有明显的年际变化特征。低云量,全年和四季的时空变化特征相似,由于受地形起伏及区域气候差异的影响,川西高原东部和重庆地区的变化趋势与四川盆地的相反,且同样存在着明显的年际变化特征。另外,突变分析结果显示,西南地区的低云量近50a来呈持续减少趋势,而总云量在1990年发生突变,突变前在0线附近震荡,突变后总云量持续减少。     

用单站探空资料分析对流层气柱水汽总量

使用北京地区１９９６,１９９７年７月中至８月上旬常规探空（标准层和特性层）资料,计算了各层气柱的水汽混合比,绘制了水汽垂直分布的廓线,并据水汽廓线分布把大气分为四种类型,通过对各层水汽混合比积分,算出该时段每日０８,２０时的北京单站对流层气柱累积水汽量,研究气柱水汽总量与降水的关系,为预报降水量级,降水范围提供依据,这一分析结果可与辐射仪遥感水汽技术得到的结果进行比较,并为应用其它新的探测技术（如     

夏季西北冰洋表层淡水分布的总碱度示踪研究

利用中国第三次北极科学考察在西北冰洋所进行的海水总碱度的测量,通过海水、海冰融化水以及河源淡水三个端元总碱度特征的显著差异计算西北冰洋夏季表层海水中淡水所占的比例。研究表明,西北冰洋海冰融化水所占比例最大区域在加拿大海盆区75°N附近,这是冰缘带位置,往北向高纬度的冰密集中逐渐增加。而河源淡水的组份则与北冰洋的环流密切相关,并且在西北冰洋水体中逐渐累积。     

上海金山群变质岩Rb—Sr,Sm—Nd同位素年令测定成果

采自上海地区基底变质岩系金山群中的外长角闪岩类,经Rb—Sr及Sm—Nd等时线法测定,其年令分别为11.23±0.27Ma和13.64±1.13Ma,再从角闪石Ar~(40)/Ar~(39)体系分析,又可视其后期曾有过多次热事件的叠加。通过上述同位素年令测定资料说明,区内存在一套较古老的变质岩系,其形成时代为中元古代(甚至更早),在显生宙期间又显示出曾经多期改造的复杂的地质演化过程,这对认识、分析杨子地块东南边部之大地构造格局无疑提供了一个新的资料和依据。