模糊面元素空间拓扑关系抽象化方法研究

空间拓扑关系的判定是地理信息系统中进行空间查询、空间分析、空间推理等操作的基础.在分析模糊区域空间拓扑关系的基础上,用空间关系向量定量描述这些拓扑关系.依据空间抽象的要求,通过计算向量之间的相关程度,对模糊区域的空间拓扑关系进行抽象,并根据空间拓扑关系的区域分布特征对抽象后的结果进行调整.     

Diet of landlocked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and trout in the Waitaki lakes,New Zealand

Landlocked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), ranging in fork length (FL) from 105 to 313 mm, were captured in fine‐mesh gill nets set in the limnetic zone of the Waitaki hydro lakes (44° 30′ S, 170° 10’ E) in the South Island, New Zealand. A total of 443 stomachs was examined and the frequency of occurrence, volume and weight of prey items calculated. In the Ahuriri Arm of Lake Benmore the principal food (54% by weight) was zooplankton (Boeckella dilatata) whereas in the Haldon Arm of Lake Benmore it was larval and juvenile common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidi‐anus) (73% by volume). In Lake Waitaki in winter, salmon had eaten insects (43% by volume) with smaller amounts of snails (Potamopyrgus antipo‐darum, 23%) and bullies (24%). In Lake Ohau adult insects may be an important food. There were also variations in diet with season and fish size. The stomachs of 147 brown trout (Salmo trutta) and 181 rainbow trout (S. gairdnerii) caught in the same gill nets were also examined. In contrast to sockeye salmon stomachs they contained negligible amounts of zooplankton (< 1% by weight) and large amounts of aquatic insects (50–58% by weight in the Ahuriri Arm of Lake Benmore). Comparisons with juvenile sockeye salmon and kokanee in North American lakes are made. The impact of introductions of sockeye salmon into other New Zealand lakes is discussed.     

应力路径对饱和软黏土割线模量的影响

在基坑、隧道开挖等过程中,不同部位的土体会经历不同的应力路径,在不同的应力路径下,土体可能表现出截然不同的静力学特性。同时,在工程实际中,土体的工作应变经常处于小应变范围,而在小应变情况下,土体的静力特性表现出更强的非线性和应力路径依赖性。基于广泛分布于东部地区,并且表现出诸多不良工程特性的软黏土,进行一系列不排水和排水条件下的应力路径静力试验,以研究应力路径对饱和软黏土静力特性,尤其是小应变情况下割线模量的影响。试验结果表明,不管在不排水还是在排水条件下,应力路径都对饱和软黏土的静强度产生巨大的影响,表现为围压增加的加载应力路径增大了静强度,而围压减小的卸载应力路径降低了静强度。同时,应力路径对割线弹性模量产生了更大的影响,围压增加的加载应力路径降低了割线模量,而围压减小的卸载应力路径增大了割线模量。应力路径对割线模量的影响在小应变时表现的更加明显,而这种影响主要原因是应力路径方向改变造成的土体各向异性。     

基于拓扑谓词的空间拓扑关系相似性度量模型与应用

空间拓扑关系相似性度量是空间数据相似性度量的重要组成部分,它是空间数据检索和空间场景相似查询的基础和关键。本文旨在建立一种能够同时度量简单和复杂拓扑关系间的相似性度量模型。首先,以9个拓扑谓词提出一种简单拓扑关系间相似性度量方法,即定义简单拓扑关系之间距离为两个9交集矩阵之间的距离,从而得到简单拓扑关系之间的相似度。然后,综合考虑实体集合间的数量相似度和维数相似度,建立实体集合间的简单拓扑关系相似性度量模型,并在上述实体集合间简单拓扑关系相似性度量的基础上,采用分解-组合的策略先将复杂拓扑关系分解为若干个局部拓扑关系,通过组合局部拓扑关系之间的相似度,直至建立复杂拓扑关系间的相似性度量模型。实验表明,制图综合中的选取对空间实体集合之间拓扑关系相似度的影响最大,其他因素影响较小,因此,其能以拓扑关系相似度来度量制图综合对拓扑关系的改变程度。     

Model and parameter uncertainty in IDF relationships under climate change

Quantifying distributional behavior of extreme events is crucial in hydrologic designs. Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationships are used extensively in engineering especially in urban hydrology, to obtain return level of extreme rainfall event for a specified return period and duration. Major sources of uncertainty in the IDF relationships are due to insufficient quantity and quality of data leading to parameter uncertainty due to the distribution fitted to the data and uncertainty as a result of using multiple GCMs. It is important to study these uncertainties and propagate them to future for accurate assessment of return levels for future. The objective of this study is to quantify the uncertainties arising from parameters of the distribution fitted to data and the multiple GCM models using Bayesian approach. Posterior distribution of parameters is obtained from Bayes rule and the parameters are transformed to obtain return levels for a specified return period. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method using Metropolis Hastings algorithm is used to obtain the posterior distribution of parameters. Twenty six CMIP5 GCMs along with four RCP scenarios are considered for studying the effects of climate change and to obtain projected IDF relationships for the case study of Bangalore city in India. GCM uncertainty due to the use of multiple GCMs is treated using Reliability Ensemble Averaging (REA) technique along with the parameter uncertainty. Scale invariance theory is employed for obtaining short duration return levels from daily data. It is observed that the uncertainty in short duration rainfall return levels is high when compared to the longer durations. Further it is observed that parameter uncertainty is large compared to the model uncertainty.     

一种结合拓扑信息和SIFT特征的多源遥感影像自动匹配方法

基于单一特征的匹配办法在多源遥感影像匹配中往往不适用的问题,提出了一种结合拓扑信息和SIFT特征的自动多源遥感影像匹配方法。该方法首先在两幅影像中使用SIFT算法在尺度空间上提取特征向量,其次对这些特征点使用最近邻提取1：N的多个可能的匹配点对,然后结合位置信息和拓扑信息对这些可能的匹配点对进行剔除,并使用RANSAC方法剔除粗差,最终得到同名匹配点。试验结果表明,相比于计算机视觉领域常用的SIFT算法,本文方法可有效地提高匹配正确率,并获得更多正确的同名点。     

交通地理信息系统中的时空动态分段模型研究

动态分段技术是交通地理信息系统(GIS-T)中一项重要的线性要素动态显示与分析技术,该文提出了一种时空动态分段模型,使动态分段系统的组成成分融入时态因素,并将属性的时态信息作为属性信息表的字段存储,通过时态地理信息系统技术完成物理段的时态变化。利用统一建模语言(UML)的类图设计方式开发了物理模型,描述了时空动态分段模型中对象之间的关系,并定义了必要的属性和操作;同时基于线性参照系统(LRS)表达空间实体的方法,概括了模型中所涉及到的主要拓扑关系。实验表明,时空动态分段模型弥补其他模型将时空参考分为时间参考和空间参考所产生的不足,而且更明确地将多重属性和物理实体有机结合起来。     

面目标间拓扑关系形式化描述的层次模型

拓扑关系形式化描述和区分的标准是拓扑不变量.在4交差模型的基础上,通过对两面目标边界交集的信息深入分析,提出具有不同分类能力的拓扑不变量,分别是维数、分离数、分量类型和分量排列顺序,并依次建立相应的形式化描述模型.这些模型都是在其分类层次上对面目标间拓扑关系的完备描述,并且它们的区分能力是层次递进的.     

二维空间关系定性表达模型的研究

通过对几种典型的定性表达模型的分析及比较,论述了单一模型实现空间查询所存在的局限,提出利用组合模型来表达空间关系的方法。最后结合空间查询中的实例,通过介绍如何同时运用二值拓扑关系模型和符号空间索引模型来实现同时包含拓扑关系和方向关系的复杂空间查询来说明这种方法。     

Automatic generation of the axial lines of urban environments to capture what we perceive

Based on the concepts of isovists and medial axes, we developed a set of algorithms that can automatically generate axial lines for representing individual linearly stretched parts of open space of an urban environment. Open space is the space between buildings where people can freely move around. The generation of the axial lines has been a key aspect of space syntax research, conventionally relying on hand-drawn axial lines of an urban environment, often called axial map, for urban morphological analysis. Although various attempts have been made towards an automatic solution, few of them can produce the axial map that consists of the least number of longest visibility lines, and none of them really works for different urban environments. Our algorithms provide a better solution than existing ones. Throughout this article, we have also argued and demonstrated that the axial lines constitute a true skeleton, superior to medial axes, in capturing what we perceive about the urban environment.