近20年华北地电阻率异常空间演化及强震短期前兆判别标志研究

开展了华北地电阻率异常参数提取的研究，以1980—2001年的异常参数为输入进行了全时空扫描，并对其动态图像演化做全面分析，由此提取出华北地区5级以上地震的地电阻率短期前兆的判别标志。为了进行初步检验，本文依上述判别标志对华北近年地电阻率动态图像做了对比分析。     

Development of a soil moisture‐based distributed hydrologic model for determining hydrologically based critical source areas

A simple grid cell‐based distributed hydrologic model was developed to provide spatial information on hydrologic components for determining hydrologically based critical source areas. The model represents the critical process (soil moisture variation) to run‐off generation accounting for both local and global water balance. In this way, it simulates both infiltration excess run‐off and saturation excess run‐off. The model was tested by multisite and multivariable evaluation on the 50‐km² Little River Experimental Watershed I in Georgia, U.S. and 2 smaller nested subwatersheds. Water balance, hydrograph, and soil moisture were simulated and compared to observed data. For streamflow calibration, the daily Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.78 at the watershed outlet and 0.56 and 0.75 at the 2 nested subwatersheds. For the validation period, the Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficients were 0.79 at the watershed outlet and 0.85 and 0.83 at the 2 subwatersheds. The per cent bias was less than 15% for all sites. For soil moisture, the model also predicted the rising and declining trends at 4 of the 5 measurement sites. The spatial distribution of surface run‐off simulated by the model was mainly controlled by local characteristics (precipitation, soil properties, and land cover) on dry days and by global watershed characteristics (relative position within the watershed and hydrologic connectivity) on wet days when saturation excess run‐off was simulated. The spatial details of run‐off generation and travel time along flow paths provided by the model are helpful for watershed managers to further identify critical source areas of non‐point source pollution and develop best management practices.     

Piecewise prediction model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events on the Loess Plateau,China

Establishing a universal watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield prediction model represents a frontier field in erosion and soil/water conservation. The research presented here was conducted on the Chabagou watershed, which is located in the first sub‐region of the hill‐gully area of the Loess Plateau, China. A back‐propagation artificial neural model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield was established, with the accuracy of the model, then compared with that of multiple linear regression. The sensitivity degree of various factors to erosion and sediment yield was quantitatively analysed using the default factor test. On the basis of the sensitive factors and the fractal information dimension, the piecewise prediction model for erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events was established and further verified. The results revealed the back‐propagation artificial neural network model to perform better than the multiple linear regression model in terms of predicting the erosion modulus, with the former able to effectively characterize dynamic changes in sediment yield under comprehensive factor conditions. The sensitivity of runoff erosion power and runoff depth to the erosion and sediment yield associated with individual rainfall events was found to be related to the complexity of surface topography. The characteristics of such a hydrological response are thus closely related to topography. When the fractal information dimension is greater than the topographic threshold, the accuracy of prediction using runoff erosion power is higher than that of using runoff depth. In contrast, when the fractal information dimension is smaller than the topographic threshold, the accuracy of prediction using runoff depth is higher than that of using runoff erosion power. The developed piecewise prediction model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events, which introduces runoff erosion power and runoff depth using the fractal information dimension as a boundary, can be considered feasible and reliable and has a high prediction accuracy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Jet instability and the stabilizing effect of topography on jets in two-layer rotating systems

Abstract

Laboratory experiments concerning azimuthal jets in two-layer rotating systems in the absence and presence of bottom topography aligned along the jets have been conducted. The jets were forced by the selective withdrawal of fluid from the upper layer of a two-fluid system contained in a circular dishpan geometry. The principal parameters measured in the experiments were the jet Rossby number, Ro, and a stratification parameter F = r ₁/(λ₁λ₂)^1/2 where r ₁ is the radius of the circular disc used for the selective withdrawal (i.e., r ₁ is the approximate radius of curvature of the jet) and λ₁,λ₂ are the internal Rossby radii of deformation in the upper and lower fluids, respectively.

The no-topography experiments show that for a sufficiently small F, the particular value depending on Ro, the jet is stable for the duration of the experiment. For sufficiently large F, again as a function of Ro, the jet becomes unstable, exhibiting horizontal wave disturbances from modes three to seven. An Ro against F flow regime diagram is presented.

Experiments are then conducted in the presence of a bottom topography having constant cross-section and extending around a mid-radius of the dishpan. The axis of the topography is in the vicinity of the jet axis forced in the no-topography experiments and the crest of the topography is in the vicinity of the interface between the two fluids (i.e., the front associated with the jet). The experiments show that in all cases investigated the jet tends to be stabilized by the bottom topography. Experiments with the topography in place, but with the interface between the fluids being above the topography crest, are shown to be unstable but more irregular than their no-topography counterparts.

Various quantitative measurements of the jet are presented. It is shown, for example, that the jet Rossby number defined in terms of the fluid withdrawal rate from the tank. Q, can be well correlated with a dimensionless vorticity gradient, V_G , across the upper layer jet. This allows for an assessment of the stability characteristics of a jet based on a knowledge of V_G (which can be estimated given a jet profile) and F.     

基于“一张图”平台的国土资源执法监察系统设计与研究

从土地执法监察管理的实际需求出发,探讨了基于"一张图"平台的国土资源执法监察系统建设方案,设计了土地执法监察系统结构和功能模块,并进一步给出了土地执法监察数据库建设和数据交换的技术方法。该系统方案的应用将有利于快速、准确地监控国土资源违法行为,强化对国土资源违法行为的监控能力,有效地提高了国土部门执法监察工作效率和执法水平。     

面向专题制图的网络平台设计与实现研究

针对当前Web3DGIS的专题制图中动态专题制图和主动专题制图的缺点,本文设计并实现了一个基于富客户端/服务器的Web3DGIS平台,并以此为基础,采用一种改进的主动专题制图方法,通过三级缓存机制、基于几何的矢量数据渲染等技术手段,有效地提高了GIS中专题地图的渲染效率及制图能力。     

基于地性线分级的DEM信息量计算方法研究

主要对基于DEM提取的地性线进行信息量的定量分析,探讨地性线的信息量与分辨率、地形单元的关系。这个过程中首先利用河网的自相似理论研究与当前DEM所代表的地貌详细程度相适宜的地性线提取的阈值区间,并讨论此阈值下地性线的分级,以此为基础通过以该分级为权重进行DEM地形信息量的计算。实践证明,这种顾及地性线等级的DEM信息量计算方法能较准确地反映地性线的分布规律和不同等级的要素造成的信息量度量差异。     

“全息”地图研究初探

地图产品种类层出不穷,全息地图近年来成为焦点走进人们的视野。本文首先明确了与全息地图相近的三维地图和全景地图的概念;然后,简要阐述了传统的光学全息地图与新兴的全息位置地图的概念、原理以及几种地图产品的差别。在此基础上,分析了两种冠以"全息"二字地图的发展现状,并探讨了它们未来发展的主要方向。