前期热带太平洋次表层海温异常与东亚夏季风的可能联系

利用1979—2012年日本气象厅次表层海温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了前期冬季热带太平洋次表层海温与东亚夏季风的关系,并讨论了其可能机制。结果表明,前期冬季热带太平洋次表层海温与后期东亚夏季风强弱有显著的相关关系。冬季次表层海温呈现东正西负的类El Nio分布型时,夏季副热带高压偏强,西北太平洋地区受反气旋型环流控制,能将大量的水汽输送到长江和淮河流域,有利于水汽在该区域辐合,为夏季降水偏多创造了条件,此时东亚夏季风活动整体偏弱,反之亦然。但类El Nio分布型对东亚夏季气候变化的影响较类La Nia分布型更显著。此外,冬季热带太平洋次表层海温可能通过其自身能够持续性地影响东亚—太平洋地区的大气环流异常,次表层海温随季节变化有明显的发展和移动趋势:冬季西太平洋暖池次表层冷(暖)海温不断堆积,沿温跃层向东传播使得中东太平洋次表层海温逐渐变冷(暖),冷(暖)海温上翻加强使得海表温度异常,进一步影响到西太平洋副热带高压的位置和强度,并在东亚地区形成经向遥相关波列,通过西北太平洋地区异常反气旋(气旋)环流的作用,影响东亚地区大气环流以及气候变化。     

南海夏季风爆发与前期东亚冬季风异常的关系以及ENSO的作用

基于ERA-interim再分析资料采用相关分析研究了东亚冬季风和南海夏季风爆发的关系,并探讨了ENSO在其中的作用。结果表明,弱冬季风之后的南海地区5月有异常东风、降水偏少,对应于夏季风爆发偏晚;强冬季风之后则相反;但上述关系并不十分显著。进一步利用线性回归将东亚冬季风分为与ENSO有关和无关的部分,对于与ENSO有关的冬季风,上述冬季风-夏季风爆发的关系的显著性有明显提高;但与ENSO无关的冬季风和夏季风爆发并无显著联系。这说明冬季风-南海夏季风爆发的关系主要是由与ENSO有关的冬季风造成的。这一关系可以用ENSO激发的菲律宾异常反气旋或气旋来解释,以弱冬季风之后夏季风爆发偏晚为例:El Ni?o事件一方面激发出菲律宾异常反气旋,使得冬季风偏弱;另一方面又引起热带印度洋增暖,由于局地海气相互作用正反馈和印度洋电容器效应,菲律宾异常反气旋得以维持到晚春。该异常反气旋及其南侧的异常东风不利于南海夏季风的爆发,从而导致夏季风爆发偏晚。     

STRUCTURAL AND EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EASTERLY VORTEX OVER THE TROPICAL REGION

By employing the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data sets (1000-10hPa, 2.5°×2.5°), the characteristics have been analyzed of the structure and evolution of an easterly vortex over the tropical upper troposphere relating to the east-west direction shift of the subtropical anticyclone over the Western Pacific Ocean. It is shown that there exists a westward shift simultaneously between the anticyclone and the vortex locating south of it. The anticyclone retreats eastward abnormally while the easterly encounters with the westerly around the same longitudes as they move from the opposite directions. The former is an upper weather system, extending from mid-troposphere to the height of 50 hPa with the center locating on 200 hPa.The vertical thermal distribution illustrates the characteristics of being "warm in the upper layer but cold in the lower layer". The divergence effect and the vertical motion change largely within the east and west sides of the easterly vortex and ascending branch transforms to descending branch near its center.     

近50年华北干旱的年代际和年际变化及大气环流特征

利用1948～2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日及月平均位势高度、风、温度、垂直速度等物理量和中国气温、降水资料,分析近50年中国华北地区干旱的年代际、年际变化及其环流特征,并探讨1999和2000年华北地区持续干旱环流型及其成因.研究指出:20世纪80年代以来华北地区降水持续偏少,干旱强度有所增加,这与夏季200 hPa矢量风距平场亚洲中纬度西风环流加强,850 hPa风矢量距平场中国东部110～120°E范围内偏南气流比气候平均状况偏弱有关.夏季华北降水偏少的一种主要大气环流型是:500hPa位势高度场上40～50°N的欧亚大陆位势高度偏高并叠加欧亚(EU)遥相关型,华北大部分地区受高压控制.1999和2000年夏华北地区持续严重干旱的主要环流特征是:亚洲大陆高压持续发展、长期维持并相当稳定,华北地区上空受闭合暖性高压控制,高空暖性高压气流强烈下沉,引起空气绝热增温,近地面感热增加使得干旱区气温升高,下垫面非绝热强迫作用与大陆暖高压加强形成正反馈过程.     

四川盆地持续性暴雨发生的一类环流特征研究

利用NCEP1°×1°的资料研究了四川盆地一类持续性暴雨特征,结果表明：（1）在伴有西太平洋副热带高压西伸和其南侧有热带低压系统扰动的大气环流背景下,其水汽供应环流形势体现为东南气流输送,这主要与副高和热带低压系统相互扰动有关,而与大部分造成四川盆地暴雨的西南气流输送有差异。（2）局地涡度的变化对大尺度环流背景场的分布起到重要的作用,在副高西伸稳定的边缘,局地涡度变化为负,在槽区和热带低压扰动区域内,局地涡度变化为正,而局地涡度的正负变化,取决于涡度方程各项的变化大小,在850hPa上,雨区局地正涡度的增加可能与热带低压的局地正涡度输送有关,而这一过程可能主要山正涡度平流来完成。（3）局地正涡度变化范围和中心较好程度上对应着雨区的范围和中心,可以作为一个判断降水落区的预报要素来参考。     

梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压异常东退与东风带扰动关系的合成诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料,对梅雨期热带对流层上空东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压短期东退的过程进行了合成诊断分析.结果表明:梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)的短期东退与低纬热带地区上宅东风带扰动存在着密切的联系,本文给出了在西太副高异常东退前后东风带扰动的结构及其演变特征,揭示了东风带扰动所对应的...     

Seasonal evolution of subtropical anticyclones in the climate system model FGOALS-s2

The simulation characteristics of the seasonal evolution of subtropical anticyclones in the Northern Hemisphere are documented for the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Systemmodel, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2), developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics. An understanding of the seasonal evolution of the subtropical anticyclones is also addressed. Compared with the global analysis established by the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts, the ERA-40 global reanalysis data, the general features of subtropical anticyclones and their evolution are simulated well in both winter and summer, while in spring a pronounced bias in the generation of the South Asia Anticyclone(SAA) exists. Its main deviation in geopotential height from the reanalysis is consistent with the bias of temperature in the troposphere. It is found that condensation heating (CO) plays a dominant role in the seasonal development of the SAA and the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific (SAWP) in the middle troposphere. The CO biases in the model account for the biases in the establishment of the SAA in spring and the weaker strength of the SAA and the SAWP from spring to summer. CO is persistently overestimated in the central-east tropical Pacific from winter to summer, while it is underestimated over the area from the South China Sea to the western Pacific from spring to summer. Such biases generate an illusive anticyclonic gyre in the upper troposphere above the middle Pacific and delay the generation of the SAA over South Asia in April. In midsummer, the simulated SAA is located farther north than in the ERA-40 data owing to excessively strong surface sensible heating (SE) to the north of the Tibetan Plateau. Whereas, the two surface subtropical anticyclones in the eastern oceans during spring to summer are controlled mainly by the surface SE over the two continents in the Northern Hemisphere, which are simulated reasonably well, albeit with their centers shifted westwards owing to the weaker longwave radiation cooling in the simulation associated with much weaker local stratiform cloud. Further improvements in the related parameterization of physical processes are therefore identified.     

MCSs移出青藏高原规律的可视化表达与知识发现

为了客观揭示青藏高原上中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale Convective Systems，MCSs)的演变规律，尤其是它向东移出高原的条件，采用卫星红外影像运动目标计算机自动识别与跟踪技术，提取了高原上夏季MCSs的大小、强度、生命史、形状及分布等空间特征，并将MCSs的空间特征与青藏高原HLAFS资料相关联，建立了MCSs时空数据库。运用面向时空数据挖掘的相关分析法、关联规则及决策树法，求解MCSs东移传播出高原与其周边环境物理场之间的关系，进而建立了400hPa和500hPa两个层次上影响MCSs移出高原的环境物理场的可视化概略模型图。从模型图中发现：在400hPa上，移出高原且方向向东的MCSs主要决定于等压面高度、散度和涡度场，等压面高度变化呈南北向；而在500hPa上，等压面高度和K指数场是影响。MCSs移出高原的主要因素，K指数变化呈西东走势。模型图初步揭示了MCSs移出青藏高原的规律。     

夏季西太平洋副热带高压的客观定量化预测及其对汛期降水的指示

基于动力统计相似预报原理,将模式误差动力统计预报方案应用于西太平洋副热带高压的客观定量化预测,通过交叉检验距平相关系数,筛选出对副热带高压区域的500 hPa高度场模式预报结果订正较好的因子作为前期关键因子集.对2003-2010年的副热带高压区域的500 hPa高度场进行了回报检验,结果显示该方案在数值模式预报结果基础上有了进一步提高,显示出较高的预测水平.在此基础上,从高度场预测结果中提取出与中国降水关系最为密切的两个典型副热带高压特征指数(脊线指数与西伸脊点指数),将其投影在二维平面上,并根据不同类型的副热带高压特征下对应的雨型分类特征得到预报年副热带高压所属类型下中国夏季降水的分布类型,多年检验结果表明,预测的投影类型所对应的降水合成分布与实况的降水具有较好的一致性,进一步验证此种副热带高压与雨型分类的合理性,达到通过副热带高压的定量化预测对夏季的旱涝分布形式进行预测的目的,为进一步提高汛期降水预测水平提供一种可能的思路.     

Formation of the Anomalous Summer Precipitation in East China in 2010 and 1998: A Comparison of the Impacts of Two Kinds of El Ni~no

In the summers of 1998 and 2010, severe floods occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the YangtzeRiver. Although an El Ni~no event took place preceding each of the summer floods, significant differencesbetween the two summer floods and the two El Ni~no events were identified. The 1997/98 El Ni~no is aconventional one with strongest warming in the central-eastern Pacific, whereas the 2009/10 event is an ElNi~no Modoki with strongest warming in the central Pacific. In this study, summer rainfall anomalies (SRA)in the two years were first compared based on the rainfall data at 160 stations in mainland China, and asignificant difference in SRA was found. To understand the underlying mechanism for the difference, theatmospheric circulation systems, particularly the western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC), the westernPacific subtropical high (WPSH), and the low-level air flows, were compared in the two years by using theNCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The results display that the WNPAC was stronger in 2010 than in 1998, alongwith a northwestward shift, causing weakened southwesterly from the Bay of Bengal to the South China Seabut intensified southerly in eastern China. This resulted in less water vapor transport from the tropical IndianOcean and the South China Sea but more from the subtropical western Pacific to East Asia. Subsequently,the rainband in 2010 shifted northward. The difference in the WNPAC was caused by the anomalousascending motion associated with the warming location in the two El Ni~no events. Furthermore, the roleof tropical sea surface temperature (SST) in modulating these differences was investigated by conductingsensitivity experiments using GFDL AM2.1 (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmospheric Model).Two experiments were performed, one with the observed monthly SST and the other with June SST persistingthrough the whole summer. The results suggest that the model well reproduced the primary differences inthe atmospheric circulation systems in the two years. It is found that the difference in El Ni~no events hasshaped the rainfall patterns in the two years of 1998 and 2010. At last, the case of 2010 was comparedwith the composite of historical El Ni~no Modoki events, and the results indicate that the impact of El Ni~noModoki varies from case to case and is more complicated than previously revealed.