增强型地热系统:潜力大、开发难

文中讨论了为什么要开发干热岩地热资源?什么是干热岩系统和增强型地热系统?中国干热岩系统的潜力,如何发展中国的EGS以及我们可供考虑的建议。随着常规能源的不断消耗,可再生能源日益受到人类的青睐。在可再生能源中,地热能的容量最大,地热发电提供的是基本负荷,但是由于诸多因素,开发滞后。尤其是对潜力大、开发难的增强型地热系统,中国更是从研究到开发,都刚刚起步。如果地热发电的规模要超过风能及太阳能等其他新能源,不能仅靠水热型地热系统的开发利用,而必须重视和利用干热岩资源,大力研发增强型地热系统。中国干热岩系统的潜势如何呢?中国科学院地质地球物理研究所利用921个大地热流数据编制了《中国大陆地区新版热流图》以及3~10km深处不同深度温度分布图,计算了不同深度干热岩地热资源量,总数为2.09×107 EJ;其中主要分布在青藏高原,占全国总资源量的五分之一。作者们认为,干热岩资源的开发和增强型地热系统的建立是一个系统工程,地热资源的开发是一项风险投资,亚经济型的EGS风险更甚。国家必须统一安排和投资。工程项目必须学习国外的经验和吸取开发的教训。要选择关键地区进行试验和研究。作者们建议可考虑选择羊八井地热田的北部作为试验地区。     

云南白牛厂银多金属矿床成矿作用特征的稀土元素地球化学约束

为了研究白牛厂银多金属矿床成矿作用特征,对矿区岩浆岩、围岩和矿石的稀土元素进行了ICP-MS分析测试。花岗岩稀土元素组成表现了较强的Eu负异常和弱的Ce负异常。围岩稀土元素特征表现出一定程度的热水沉积成因。矿石的稀土元素组成大致可分为两组：一组矿石表现为Eu正异常或无异常和Ce负异常,反映喷流沉积稀土元素组成特征,主要是距离花岗岩体较远的白羊矿段,指示成矿热液为温度较高（＆gt;250℃）、相对还原的流体,另外,Eu正异常和Ce负异常同时出现,说明矿石沉淀时较高温度的流体与少量的海水发生了对流混合;另一组矿石表现出与岩浆岩一致的球粒陨石标准化稀土配分模式,显示岩浆热液叠加改造成因,主要是距离花岗岩体较近的穿心洞矿段和对门山矿段。两组矿石稀土元素组成特征总体来说随着花岗岩体距离的变化而变化。根据岩浆岩、围岩和矿石的稀土元素组成特征,白牛厂银多金属矿床由喷流沉积形成主矿体,燕山期花岗质岩浆活动对矿体部分叠加改造。     

A simplified analysis method for piled raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling

A simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling and incorporated into a computer program ‘PRAB’. In this method, a hybrid model is employed in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates, the piles as elastic beams, and the soil is treated as interactive springs. The interactions between structural members, pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions, are modelled based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with some published solutions for single piles and pile groups subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling. Thereafter, the solutions from this approach for the analysis of a pile group and a piled raft subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling are compared with those from three‐dimensional finite difference program. Good agreements between these solutions are demonstrated. The method is then used for a parametric study of single piles, pile groups and piled rafts subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

现代海底热液成矿作用

从现代块状硫化物矿床成矿特征对比角度,总结分析了世界现代海底喷流的块状硫化物成矿堆积,综述了现代海底块状硫化物成矿主要形成于洋壳和岛弧环境的实际观察结果,突出强调了洋壳环境和岛弧或陆壳环境两种成矿环境对成矿类型分类的意义。对上地幔部分熔融岩浆来源与地壳物质可能带人、火山喷发岩浆系列的演化和对热液成矿作用的控制进行了讨论,对比分析了岩浆流体对成矿的重要贡献和控制作用,以及成矿热液循环体系形成的条件和模式。     

新疆包古图地区斑岩型铜矿化特征和成矿元素迁移规律初探

新疆西准噶尔包古图地区斑岩型铜矿化发育,蚀变矿化特征随岩体不同存在显著差异。文章通过岩石学、矿相学和微量元素地球化学的方法,重点研究了Ⅲ号和Ⅴ号岩体的矿化特征和成矿元素迁移规律。结果表明：Ⅲ号岩体矿化中等,以黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿为主,呈浸染状,硫化物脉少见;Ⅴ号岩体内部及其与围岩接触带产出大型铜矿床,金属矿物主要有黄铁矿、黄铜矿和辉钼矿,呈浸染状和细脉-网脉状分布。Ⅲ号岩体角闪石英闪长岩形成于岩浆-热液过渡阶段,与石英（花岗）闪长岩对比显示,挥发分出溶过程中,Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U迁移进入挥发相,稀土元素稳定未迁移,Cu、Bi显著富集,Mo和Sb被流体迁移带走,形成热液矿化。Ⅴ号岩体钾化和硅化样品代表了不同的流体作用阶段,与未蚀变样品对比显示,在钾化阶段Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf性质稳定,轻稀土元素发生显著迁移,在硅化阶段轻稀土元素富集;重稀土元素在岩浆-热液演化过程保持稳定。Cu、Mo和Bi在钾化作用阶段富集成矿,Zn和Sb则主要在晚期石英脉中富集。     

A new analytical solution for tide-induced groundwater fluctuations in an unconfined aquifer with a sloping beach

Deriving analytical solutions for tide-induced groundwater fluctuations in unconfined aquifers confronts two problems: (1) As the Boussinesq equation itself contains nonlinear terms, the "secular term" would be generated in derivation, thus making perturbation solution unable to be deduced to higher order; (2) for aquifers with sloping beaches, the perturbation parameter in existing analytical solution integrating the beach slope and hydrogeological property would be sometimes larger than 1. So the application of perturbation solutions is relatively limited. Furthermore, as the beach slope decreases, the error of analytical solution would gradually increase. Given that water table over-height would increase the aquifer thickness and speed up wave propagation, this paper integrates over-height into the perturbation parameter and adjusts boundary conditions to settle the problem of "secular term" and to derive a new high-order analytical solution for nonlinear Boussinesq equation in terms of sloping beaches. Results show that the new analytical solution is more reasonable, and the analytical accuracy is obviously improved in comparison with the existing analytical solution for a gentle slope. The new analytical solution provides a theoretical basis for analyzing the propagation characteristics (e.g., wave length and over-height variation) of tide-induced groundwater wave in unconfined aquifers, particularly those with sloping beaches.     

鹤岗台形变仪器干扰的讨论

自鹤岗地震台形变仪器于2006年投入使用以来,形变观测已经成为了一种重要的地震前兆监测手段,为地震前兆资料的积累和研究提供了可靠的观测数据。但仪器在使用过程中也时常受到一些干扰因素的影响,如雷电、山洞潮湿、降雨等一些自然因素,以及由此引发的人为因素等。因此,为提高观测质量和工作效率,以鹤岗台在实际工作中遇到的各种问题为例,结合台站实际情况,讨论了仪器运行中经常出现的问题并提出了解决方案。     

Perfectly matched layer boundary conditions for the second-order acoustic wave equation solved by the rapid expansion method

We derive a governing second-order acoustic wave equation in the time domain with a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition for general inhomogeneous media. Besides, a new scheme to solve the perfectly matched layer equation for absorbing reflections from the model boundaries based on the rapid expansion method is proposed. The suggested scheme can be easily applied to a wide class of wave equations and numerical methods for seismic modelling. The absorbing boundary condition method is formulated based on the split perfectly matched layer method and we employ the rapid expansion method to solve the derived new perfectly matched layer equation. The use of the rapid expansion method allows us to extrapolate wavefields with a time step larger than the ones commonly used by traditional finite-difference schemes in a stable way and free of dispersion noise. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed perfectly matched layer scheme, numerical modelling examples are also presented. The numerical results obtained with the put forward perfectly matched layer scheme are compared with results from traditional attenuation absorbing boundary conditions and enlarged models as well. The analysis of the numerical results indicates that the proposed perfectly matched layer scheme is significantly effective and more efficient in absorbing spurious reflections from the model boundaries.     

冻土与盐溶液系统中热质迁移及变形过程试验研究

用1.2MPa外载固结并冻结的高岭粘土与2mol浓度的氯化钠低温溶液相接触,由于冻土与盐溶液间的水势梯度,引起等温条件下,水分和盐分从溶液向冻土中迁移。冻土中部分区段由于含盐浓度增高,冰点下降、冻土融化并产生吸热效应。融化界面以上的冻土中,由于水分积聚,冰分凝,形成条带状构造并产生放热效应。冻土出现以冻胀为主的变形。水、盐迁移通量及变形量随时间按指数规律衰减并随外载增大和温度降低而减小。     

考虑地下水、注浆及衬砌影响的深埋隧洞弹塑性解

对于深埋隧洞,地下水-围岩-注浆圈-衬砌共同形成了一个水压平衡体系,传统的隧洞应力与塑性区计算方法均未同时考虑上述4个因素的共同作用。以深埋隧洞为研究对象,将围岩、注浆圈、衬砌视为均质各向同性连续弹塑性介质,基于地下水动力学、弹塑性力学及摩尔-库仑屈服准则,推导了4个因素共同作用下深埋隧洞轴对称问题的应力弹塑性解与塑性区计算公式;利用Matlab编制程序对某隧洞工程进行了计算,并与传统计算方法进行了对比,验证了公式的正确性,指出了传统计算方法的缺陷;讨论了注浆参数对塑性区的影响规律,提出了最优注浆圈厚度的确定方法。