The Use of Environmental Features on Tactile Maps by Navigators Who Are Blind

Maps designed for and used by sighted audiences benefit from map symbol standardization and convention but, with very limited exception (most notably two European projects), neither standardization nor convention guides the design and use of symbols for tactile maps. In this project, we developed and field tested symbolization for and use of tactile street maps. The development process included consultation with the literature as well as with field experts (orientation and mobility teachers, Braillists, and teachers working with students who are blind or have low vision). Following development, we undertook a three-year field testing and validation phase, in which we conducted pilot testing and formal testing with travelers who are blind or have low vision. Research results reveal not only a discriminable and useful tactile symbol set but also environmental feature use by travelers who are blind or have low vision.     

跨地方饮食文化生产的过程研究──基于符号化的原真性视角

全球化是去地方化,抑或在全新体系中定义新的地方性、凸显地方性,学术界对此一直存在争论。伴随全球化进程,地方性饮食追逐人口流动跨地方扩展,这些跨地方饮食在保持文化原真性和适应本地顾客需求方面挣扎。如何保持原真性,保持何种原真性成为跨地方饮食文化生产的焦点。本文通过对地方性与跨地方、原真性与符号化的相关研究进行梳理,基于饮食文化原真性的理论分析,揭示了“原真性的符号化”这一跨地方饮食文化生产的重要过程。与此同时,还阐述了在跨地方饮食文化生产过程中,原真性符号化的必然性及其循环过程,旨在为跨地方饮食文化生产提供理论依据和实践指引,同时也有利于理解地方性文化的跨地方传播、创新与发展。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

基于组件的服务器端共享地图符号库的研制

共享地图符号库是空间信息网络共享和交互式分析服务中的重要研究方向。本文以福建省3S应用综合服务平台、福建省政务信息共享平台中空间信息共享符号库建设为例,在分析基于GIS的地图符号库设计和实现技术基础上,结合多源空间信息网络共享、表达和分析服务的特点,提出一种面向网络综合服务应用的数字地图符号库的设计原理。基于GIS组件ArcObject开发一个分布于服务器端的共享地图符号库系统原型,并对其中的符号编辑、存储和管理的功能,以及符号化实施,作了详尽的叙述。该系统已集成于福建省政务信息共享平台服务代理系统上,初步实现了面向跨部门、跨行业网络共享和交互式分析的应用要求。     

基于网络服务的地理数据库构建和应用研究

扼要分析了地理数据库的概念和当前社会对地理信息服务的需求,据此研究了以地理要素符号化表达为核心的地理数据库的构建和维护方法,对地形图的自动缩编进行了尝试,解决了在桌面软件上使用不同层次的地理信息服务等问题。     

地理信息数据基于AutoCAD快速制图研究

将制图表达的规则信息附加在地理信息数据之中,根据这些制图规则分别对各要素进行点符号化、线符号化、面符号化、字体配置、显示顺序排列、压盖处理等,利用AutoCAD较强的线型符号表达功能快速生成制图数据.     

符号化计算法在地球物理应用上的初探——以计算大地电磁视电阻率及其偏导数为例

符号化计算法是基于符号运算的新型计算方法。分析了符号化计算法与数值计算法的区别,并以一具体示例实现为例,总结出其数值计算过程是按“创建需求母符号表达式”、“符号运算生成目标符号表达式”、“用真值替换符号计算出最终结果”三个步骤进行的。通过MATLAB编程对比了符号化法和怕特里克法数值法计算视电阻率及其偏导数的计算结果,证明了符号化计算法的可行性。实验也证明其数值计算速度较慢,但它具有为等效或近似数值计算提供标准结果、有助于发现新算法的优势,这种优势将使符号化计算法在地球物理领域中有广泛的应用前景。     

基于GIS的地质图矢量化技术研究

将传统纸质媒介保存的地质图利用扫描仪转换为栅格图像,只能满足数字化存储的基本要求。要满足在信息化条件下进行地质图建库更新、共享利用与公开发布的要求,必须对地质图进行矢量化。应用现代GIS技术,使用通用的GIS软件平台,通过子图块拼接、几何校正、跟踪矢量化、地理底图标准化、矢量图编辑等过程实现地质图矢量化,对开展各类地勘活动、地学研究具有重要意义。本文结合浙江省地质图矢量化的实践,对利用GIS技术进行地质图矢量化的技术方法进行了阐述。     

A method based on graphic entity for visualizing complex map symbols on the web

A method based on graphic entity for map symbol visualization in vector-based web mapping is proposed. The method is especially effective for complex geological symbols. It has three parts: graphic entity library, symbol synthesizer, and synthesis specifications. The design process is described as the application of the method to symbols representing point, line, and polygon features in web mapping. The method works with Flash, SVG, or other mapping technologies. We chose Flash to visualize geological disaster information for the Guangdong province in China. The case study demonstrates that this graphic entity-based method can meet the demands for interactive symbolization and complex symbol visualization in Internet web mapping. It produces good results, is fast, and is easy to operate. This makes it especially suitable for web-mapping applications, especially vector-based and hybrid WebGIS applications which display complex symbols.     

Weighted Isolines: An Alternative Method for Depicting Statistical Surfaces*

“Weighted isolines” is a method of isoline symbolization in which isolines vary in width in proportion to the data values they represent. Results of a map interpretation experiment demonstrate that the weighted isolines method is an effective alternative to conventional labeled isolines of uniform width and “shadowed” isolines (which thicken uniformly along southeastward slopes) for prompting rapid and accurate interpretation of statistical surfaces.