时空地统计学方法研究及进展

随着理论技术的不断发展,对环境因子仅进行空间估计和量化已不再满足精准农业等地理分支学科的精度要求,因此人们在传统地统计方法的基础上衍生出时空地统计学。该方法将时间域和空间域紧密联系起来,运用时空插值和随机模拟,更客观全面地描述地物的区域性时空分布。本文首先阐明了时空地统计学的主要概念及历史应用领域,随后介绍了当前主流的时空地统计方法及其各自的精度与适用领域,最后总结了时空地统计方法研究的不足和方向。     

神府矿区活鸡兔矿井烧变岩水害防治工程研究

活鸡免矿井是神木北部矿区首批建设的现代化煤矿之一，于2000年12月投产，生产原煤800万t/a。由于该矿井范围内煤层上部（垂距21-30m）赋存有10.97km^2烧变岩裂隙含水层，其静储量高达130万m^3，单孔涌水量可达2000m^3/d，对煤矿的安全开采构成了巨大威胁。同时，烧变岩裂隙水双是可供矿区开发利用的宝贵水资源，为消除水害隐患及合理利用地下水资源，采用了钻孔泄水方式将烧变岩裂隙水引入矿区供水系统，既保证了矿井的安全生产，又取得了巨大的经济效益与环境效益。     

Late orogenic collapse and thermal doming in the northern Gondwana margin incorporated in the Variscan Chain: A case study from the Ozieri Metamorphic Complex, northern Sardinia, Italy

A branch of the South European Variscan chain is noticeably exposed in Sardinia. The early stage of collision between the Northern Gondwana margin and the Armorica Terrane Assemblage (ATA) generated syn-metamorphic folding and thrusting. The evidences of such deformation are well preserved in the nappe zone, a structural domain characterized by stacking of different tectonic units under metamorphism of Barrovian greenschist facies. A late, post-nappe, shortening, under retrograde metamorphic conditions, gave rise to wide, upright, N120–N160 trending antiforms that control the trend of the chain. The structural analysis of the Ozieri Metamorphic Complex (OMC) shows evidence of an important phase of late-Variscan extensional tectonics. Deformation results in, the formation of oppositely dipping, normal shear zones, which developed at upper and middle structural level along the limbs of major regional antiforms causing fabric reactivation, crustal thinning, and exhumation of the OMC core. Within the OMC, the activity of the shear zones was coeval with HT-LP metamorphism as suggests the occurrence of syn-kinematic cordierite + andalusite ± sillimanite + biotite. Whereas syntectonic dykes and a tonalite body in the deeper part of the OMC indicate that early emplacement of melt along shear zones and/or in the antiform hinges possibly supplied the heat for the anomalous thermal gradient and triggered the exhumation of a core complex-like structure.     

Profitability and the poor: Corporate strategies, innovation and sustainability

Based on empirical evidence, the article looks at the implications of private sector participation (PSP) for the delivery of water supply and sanitation to the urban and peri-urban poor in developing countries, with particular reference to Africa and Latin America. More precisely, the article addresses the impact produced by multinational companies’ (MNCs) strategies, in light of the pursuit of profitability, on the extension of connections to the pipeline network. It does so by questioning the assumptions that greater private sector efficiency and innovation, together with contract design, will enable the sustainable extension of service coverage to low income dwellers. The strategies of the major water MNCs are considered both in relation to the global expansion of their operations and the adjustment of local strategies to commercial considerations. The latter might result in identifying profitable markets, modifying contractual provisions, attempting to reduce costs and increase income, reducing risks and exiting from non-performing contracts. The evidence reviewed allows for re-assessing the relative roles of the public and private sectors in extending and delivering water services to the poor. First, the most far reaching innovative approaches to extending connections are more likely to come from communities, public authorities and political activity than from MNCs. Secondly, whenever MNCs are liable to exit from non-profitable contracts, the public sector has no other option than to deal with external risks affecting continuity of provision. Finally, market limitations affecting MNCs’ ability to serve marginal populations and access cheap capital do not apply to well-organised, politically led public sector undertakings.     

流动地震台站多源供电系统研究

正随着地质大调查的深入和深部探测技术的发展,对野外长期观测设备的连续供电要求越来越高,除了单一源供电,现可以采用混合两源或者混合多源供电系统,并增加数字监控模块。新研系统以天然地震台站为依托,以保证地震台站在野外无人看护下均可以稳定、连续不间断的工作。多源供电系统具有反应灵敏、智能切换、工作可靠、实时监控、声光指示等特点。     

城市供水系统多水源联合调度模型及应用

从城市供水系统的关键元素出发,通过系统网络拓扑分析,构建了"水源—水厂—分区用户"三层供水系统网络拓扑结构;基于此拓扑结构和兼顾整个供水系统的社会效益和供水成本两个调度目标,建立城市供水系统的多水源联合供水优化调度模型;利用NSGA-II(Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II)算法进行模型求解,并给出最佳均衡解的选择规则;将该模型应用于南水北调中线一期工程通水后的天津市供水系统.实例研究结果表明,该模型实现了天津市不同来水丰枯组合情景下多种水源的合理分配,能够为决策者提供均衡社会效益与供水成本的详细供水方案,还可以在一定程度上反映出供水系统存在的工程问题,可为保障城市供水安全提供技术支撑.如最不利典型年来水情景下,总可供水量(14.73亿m3)大于天津市总需水量(13.77亿m3),但由于供水工程能力限制,特定供水规则下推荐的社会效益与供水成本折中方案的缺水量为2.44亿m3、总供水成本为32.6亿元.     

二十一世纪初期天津市水资源供需分析及对策探讨

受自然环境的限制,天津市是水资源严重短缺的北方城市之一.通过对二十一世纪初期供需水的趋势分析,在加大节水力度、充分发掘本地水资源和从外流域调水(含南水北调)、污水资源化和海水淡化等措施下,一般平水年的缺水状况可得以缓解,但在枯水年份(75 %保证率)依然缺水.文中在探讨了天津市水资源的开发利用及保护措施后,认为合理地开发地下水资源,是天津市经济发展的     

伽马能谱法测量水中226Ra最短平衡时间的确定

伽马(γ)能谱法测量水中226Ra,在制样过程中天然放射性核素衰变链遭到破坏,一般规定样品放射性平衡期为3～4周后测定。通过试验证明,样品天然放射性核素衰变链最终达到平衡的最短时间为11d,测量结果在允许误差范围内,满足测量精度。     

河南省地热资源开发利用现状及展望

对河南省地热资源开发利用现状作了介绍,并对如何提高开发利用水平和资源保护提出了建议     

云南省铜产业结构分析与对策建议

从产业价值链与交易成本理论的角度,首先阐明铜产业价值链是以铜产业链(铜资源勘查/铜矿山探矿→铜矿采矿→选矿→铜冶炼→铜加工→铜产品贸易)为基础,其在每一个节点都有相应的产品产出(铜矿业权(采矿权/勘探权)→铜矿石→铜精矿→阴极铜→铜盘条、铜板材等深加工产品),而前一个生产环节的产品又是后一个生产环节的原料,并且在每一环节都会产生价值增值.其次针对云南省铜产业结构与其产业经济进行分析,着重探讨了云南铜产业价值链结构模式、云南铜产业区位与市场竞争优势,并从增加高附加值的高级产品、建设东川铜板材加工基地、充分利用地缘经济地位优势、构建云南省铜产业战略联盟及加强对残、尾矿和废铜资源的开发等方面,提出了云南铜产业发展建议.