北方沙尘气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱的反演

利用CE-318太阳光度计在内蒙古额济纳旗、东胜、锡林浩特三地观测的2002年6月喇3年5月间的太阳直接辐射数据，应用消光法反演大气气溶胶光学厚度[AOT（λ），Aerosol Optical Thickness]和粒子谱分布，并分析其变化特征。结果表明，该地区气溶胶光学厚度具有明显的时空变化：春季最大，冬季最小，AOT（λ=440nm）平均最大值为0．78，最小值为0．13。3个观测点中，额济纳旗的光学厚度最大，东胜最小。光学厚度的日变化主要有4种形式：1）早晨高傍晚低；2）早晨低傍晚高；3）早晚低中午高；4）变化平缓。这主要与沙尘天气的发生、大气层结稳定度和人类活动等因素有关。气溶胶粒子谱分布基本符合Junge谱，在粒径0．3μm、0．6μm和1．0μm处出现峰值。但是在不同天气条件下粒子谱有很大差异，在沙尘暴天气中，大粒子和巨粒子数有明显的增加，粒子数浓度要比晴天背景大气大了约一个量级。春季气溶胶粒子数浓度最大，夏秋季次之，冬季最小，但相差不超过一个量级。     

西北地区MODIS气溶胶产品的对比应用分析

利用气溶胶自动监测网（AERONET）的太阳光度计（CE-318）资料,对2003-2010年西北干旱半干旱区MODIS暗像元算法和深蓝算法2种气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品进行对比验证,在此基础上进一步研究了该区域AOD的空间分布特征及变化趋势。结果表明,MODIS暗像元算法AOD产品在半干旱区原生植被覆盖地表精度优于深蓝算法,而西北干旱区荒漠地表深蓝算法产品精度较高。Aqua—MODIS深蓝算法AOD产品能够较好地给出我国西北荒漠亮地表地区AOD的分布及季节变化情况,AOD高值区多分布在沙尘源区,且春季AOD最大。2003～2010年,塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地和柴达木盆地年均AOD分别在0．5、0．4和0．3附近波动;沙尘区各区域年均AOD大多呈现增加趋势。其中,塔里木盆地AOD增加趋势较大,而内蒙古西部和准噶尔盆地呈现微弱减少趋势。     

利用台站资料定标太阳光度计效果评估

运用Langley方法、采用法国CE318太阳光度计在台站的观测记录为光度计定标,提出一种较客观的数据处理方法,主要分为4步：①利用Langley法对全年资料进行预处理,得到各通道定标常数、Langley法线性拟合相关系数、550nm的气溶胶光学厚度等;②以线性拟合相关系数的阈值大小（如440nm相关系数大于等于0．99）、定标期间550nm的平均气溶胶光学厚度小于等于0．15、半天（上午或下午）参与拟合的数据个数大于等于8组为条件,对预处理数据进行筛选;③根据光度计电压信号图像、最大值再次选取定标常数;④对最终选出的多组定标常数取平均值。对2002、2005年,乌鲁木齐、塔中、哈密、和田4个站点光度计资料进行试验,定标系数与出厂定标值（2002年）、北京定标值（2005年）比较后,4个站点的定标误差基本控制在8．5％以内（和田除外）,说明这种定标步骤有一定的参考价值。     

郑州地区气溶胶光学厚度反演与分析

利用CE-318太阳光度计,采用Bouguer-Lamber定律,反演郑州地区2008年气溶胶光学厚度,分析该地区气溶胶光学厚度的日变化和月变化特征,并进一步分析天气条件对气溶胶光学厚度的影响。结果表明:2008年郑州地区气溶胶光学厚度与2007年持平,波长指数有所增大。气溶胶光学厚度存在明显的季节变化,春夏高,秋冬低,最低值出现在12月,郑州地区气溶胶光学厚度主要受工业烟尘影响。工作日和非工作日气溶胶光学厚度日变化趋势存在差异,交通负荷的变化可能对气溶胶光学厚度的日变化影响较大。轻雾和霾均能引起气溶胶光学厚度的显著增大,并且轻雾对气溶胶光学厚度的影响大于霾。沙尘过程中,气溶胶光学厚度急剧增大,而后逐渐下降,并逐渐恢复到正常水平,波长指数会减小。     

The non-uniform pattern in full-disc vector magnetograms and its correction

The Solar Magnetism and Activity Telescope (SMAT) has been operational at Huairou Solar Observing Station since the end of 2005. Its scientific projects are the observational study of full-disc vector magnetic field and Hα chromospheric activities. In this paper, the Fourier low-frequency passing filter and the large-scale polynomials fit methods have been employed to analyse and remove the non-uniform pattern (NUP) in the full-disc Stokes V image. These methods are useful to effectively improve the quality of SMAT's data. The following main results have been obtained. (1) An intrinsic large-scale spatial distribution of NUP appears in SMAT's full-disc Stokes V image and its average amplitude accounts for 2 per cent of sunspots' field of kG. (2) NUP is testified as instrumental polarization through data reduction and observational explanation (passband shift). There are pseudo-passband shift in the wide field of view of SMAT due to NUP, and the maximum shifting value from the solar disc centre to the solar disc limb is 0.12 Å. (3) As an example, after removing SMAT's NUP in the Stokes V image, the correlation coefficients of the magnetograms become 78 per cent between SMAT and MDI (Michelson Doppler Imager project) on the SOHO ( Solar and Heliospheric Observatory ) satellite, and 92 per cent between SMAT and the SMFT (Solar Magnetic Field Telescope) at Huairou.     

内外参数精确建模的太阳敏感器标定

对数字式太阳敏感器标定,现有的多项式拟合和只有内部参数的简单建模方法标定精度低,为提高标定精度,提出一种基于内外参数精确建模的标定方法．通过分析太阳敏感器标定系统的内外参数,建立太阳敏感器标定模型,基于太阳模拟器和两轴转台获取标定点数据,采用最小二乘法分两步优化得到各模型参数．该方法不需要太阳光线与太阳敏感器成像面的初始对准,操作方便,同时通过精确分离太阳敏感器内外参数,避免了标定系统外部参数误差对太阳敏感器内部参数标定的影响,且通过两步优化,进一步提高了太阳敏感器的标定精度．实验结果表明：该方法的标定精度达0．005°（±60°视场）,比常用的标定方法的标定精度（0．02°）提高约4倍．     

Analysis of the Properties of Super Solar Proton Events and Associated Phenomena

The solar flares, the speeds of shocks propagated in the solar-terrestrial space and driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the heliographic longitudes and Carrington longitudes of source regions, and the geomagnetic storms, which are accompanied by the super solar proton events with a peak ?ux equal to or exceeding 10 000 pfu, have been studied by using the data of ground-based and space observations. The results show that the heliographic longitudes of source regions of super solar proton events distributed in the range from E30? to W75°. The Carrington longitudes of source regions of super solar proton events distributed in the two longitudinal belts, 130°∼220° and 260°∼320°, respectively. All super solar proton events were accompanied by major solar flares and fast CMEs. The averaged speeds of shocks propagated from the sun to the Earth were greater than 1 200 km/s. Eight super solar proton events were followed by major geomagnetic storms (Dst≤−100 nT), except that one super solar proton event was followed by a geomagnetic storm with the geomagnetic activity index Dst=−96 nT, a little smaller than that of major geomagnetic storms.     

A Study on the CdZnTe Array Detector

The CdZnTe array detector is a new type of semiconductor detector being rapidly developed in recent years. It possesses a high spatial resolution and a high energy resolution, and it can work at room temperatures. This paper describes the physical properties and working principle of the CdZnTe array detector, as well as the manufacturing technology, including the chip pretreatment, passivation, ohmic electrode preparation, array template selection, and array packaging technology (micro-interconnection). For evaluating the perfor-mance of the detector, the authors have developed successfully a 4 pixel×4 pixel CdZnTe array and an 8 pixel×8 pixel CdZnTe array (with the thicknesses of 5 mm and 2 mm, the pixel size of 2 mm×2 mm, and the gaps of 0.15 mm and 0.2 mm, respectively) in cooperation with the partner. A multi-channel electronic readout system based on the ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) chip is devel-oped independently for the charge measurement of the 4 pixel×4 pixel CdZnTe array. The energy spectra and corresponding energy resolutions of the 16 pixels are obtained with the ¹³⁷Cs radiative source, among them the best resolution is 4.8%@662 kev.     

A Statistical Study of the Relation between the Amplitude of Solar Cycle and the Area of Active Regions

Based on the observational data of sunspots, the relation between the amplitude of solar cycle and the total area of all active regions occurred in a solar cycle has been investigated. The result shows that the amplitude of solar cycle has a good correlation with the total area of all active regions occurred in the solar cycle. The relation between the amplitude of solar cycle and the area of the largest active region during a solar cycle has also been investigated. The result shows that the amplitude of solar cycle has a poor correlation with the area of the largest active region during a solar cycle, and there is no fixed relation between the peak time of a solar cycle and the time when the largest active region occurred in the solar cycle.