基于NLCCA的中国夏季降水与东亚夏季风关系的探讨

运用一种基于人工神经网络的非线性典型相关分析方法(NLCCA),对中国夏季降水与东亚夏季风之间的非线性关系进行了分析。结果表明,夏季降水对东亚夏季风的响应具有一定的非线性,当夏季风较强与较弱时,对应的中国夏季降水异常分布呈现明显的不对称性。夏季降水与夏季风之间的关系可分离为线性响应和非线性响应,其中非线性响应部分占总方差贡献的52.1%,说明我国夏季降水异常分布与东亚夏季风相互之间的关系既有线性特征也有非线性特征,非线性响应略显重要。     

Modelling the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall: a case study in the wet and dry tropics of North East Australia

Rainfall regimes with strong spatial and temporal variation are characteristic of many coastal regions of north and eastern Australia. In coastal regions of north eastern Australia, regimes vary considerably over short distances. This occurs because of changes in local topography, including the height and orientation of mountain ranges and the direction of the coastline with respect to the prevailing moist south east air stream. Northern Australia experiences a tropical monsoon climate with rainfall occurring predominantly during the summer months. Areas with a closer proximity to the coast typically experience the heavier rainfalls. While networks of rainfall gauges have been established and continuous records are available for most of these stations from the 1890s, their low distribution density relative to the complexity of rainfall pattern they are required to represent means that there remains a poor understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in the wet tropics. An enhanced knowledge of rainfall distribution in both space and time has the potential to deliver significant economic and environmental benefits to managers of natural resources. This paper reports on the application of a technique for estimating mean annual and mean monthly rainfall across the Herbert River catchment of north east Australia's dry and wet tropics. The technique utilises thin plate smoothing splines to incorporate both location and elevation into estimates of rainfall distribution. We demonstrate that the method can be applied successfully at the meso scale and within the domain of routinely available data. As such, the method has broad relevance for decision making.     

Severe soil erosion during a 3‐day exceptional rainfall event: combining modelling and field data for a fallow cereal field

Exceptional rainfall events cause significant losses of soil, although few studies have addressed the validation of model predictions at field scale during severe erosive episodes. In this study, we evaluate the predictive ability of the enhanced Soil Erosion and Redistribution Tool (SERT‐2014) model for mapping and quantifying soil erosion during the exceptional rainfall event (~235 mm) that affected the Central Spanish Pyrenees in October 2012. The capacity of the simulation model is evaluated in a fallow cereal field (1.9 ha) at a high spatial scale (1 × 1 m). Validation was performed with field‐quantified rates of soil loss in the rills and ephemeral gullies and also with a detailed map of soil redistribution. The SERT‐2014 model was run for the six rainfall sub‐events that made up the exceptional event, simulating the different hydrological responses of soils with maximum runoff depths ranging between 40 and 1017 mm. Predicted average and maximum soil erosion was 11 and 117 Mg ha^?1 event^?1, respectively. Total soil loss and sediment yield to the La Reina gully amounted to 16.3 and 9.0 Mg event^?1. These rates are in agreement with field estimations of soil loss of 20.0 Mg event^?1. Most soil loss (86%) occurred during the first sub‐event. Although soil accumulation was overestimated in the first sub‐event because of the large amount of detached soil, the enhanced SERT‐2014 model successfully predicted the different spatial patterns and values of soil redistribution for each sub‐event. Further research should focus on stream transport capacity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Second Decadal Leading Mode of East Asian Summer Monsoon Rainfall

The first decadal leading mode of East Asian summer rainfall （EASR） is characterized by rainfall anomalies along the East Asian subtropical rain belt. This study focuses on the second decadal leading mode （2DLM）, accounting for 17.3% of rainfall decadal vari- ance, as distinct from the other two neighboring modes of EAMR, based on the state-of-the-art in-situ rainfall data. This mode is characterized by a South-China-wet-Huaihe- River-dry pattern, and is dominated by a quasi-30-yr pe- riod. Further analysis reveals the 2DLM corresponds to an enhanced lower-level monsoon jet, an eastward extension of the western North Pacific subtropical high, and a weakened East Asian upper-level westerly jet flow. The Tibetan Plateau surface temperature and Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） are closely linked with the 2DLM. The regressed SST pattern indicates the PDO-like pattern of sea surface temperature anomalies may have a telecon- nection relationship with the 2DLM of EASR.     

瞬时强降雨下铁路岩溶隧道衬砌强度探讨——以贵州织毕铁路元宝山隧道为例

贵州是岩溶发育地区,强降雨对岩溶隧道衬砌破坏时有发生。贵州织毕铁路元宝山隧道通车前夕,瞬时强降雨致二衬多处发生挤出、跨塌、剥落、开裂、涌水、滴水等灾害,使织毕铁路开通计划被迫取消。本文借助MIDAS GTS数值模拟软件,计算并对比分析衬砌正常及施加50 m水压两种工况下,二衬位移量、轴力、弯矩及剪力情况,分析瞬时强降雨对铁路岩溶隧道衬砌强度的影响,主要结论如下：（1）在不考虑水压的情况下,二衬结构较为安全。当瞬时增加50 m水压时,因衬砌结构内力值过大,计算得出衬砌结构安全性已被破坏的结论;（2）对于地下水发育岩溶地段,若无水压的具体资料,建议III级围岩段采用钢筋混凝土衬砌,以增加衬砌对局部瞬时水压升高的抵抗能力;（3）泄水减压是解决水头上升水压过大致使衬砌破坏的关键。     

东津河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划

本文从暴雨致灾机理出发,以东津河流域为例,开展中小河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划技术研究。根据气象资料、水文资料、地理信息资料、社会经济统计资料以及历史灾情资料等,运用TOPMODEL水文模型并结合统计法确定致洪临界面雨量,利用逐步回归法重建区域站资料序列,基于广义极值分布函数计算出不同重现期的致洪面雨量,根据流域内小时降水雨型分布,将不同重现期致洪面雨量以及叠加堤坝信息的DEM、manning系数等数据代人Flood Area模型进行洪水淹没模拟,得到不同重现期下洪水淹没图,再叠加流域内栅格化的人口、GDP以及土地利用信息,最终得到不同重现期下人口、GDP以及土地利用等风险区划图谱。建立的中小河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划技术方法简便可行,区划结果精度高、实用性强,对于面向实时防灾减灾的动态灾害风险管理具有重要意义。     

国家级格点化定量降水预报系统

2020年7月18—19日,江淮地区出现一次特大暴雨过程,欧洲中期天气预报中心全球确定性预报模式（以下简称EC模式）、华东区域数值模式（以下简称华东模式）和国家气象中心Grapes高分辨区域模式（3 km分辨率,以下简称G3模式）预报的暴雨落区均明显偏北,且降水强度偏弱。通过对模式的风场及降水预报进行检验发现：模式天气形势预报的优劣,很多时候与模式的降水预报优劣是直接相关的,尤其是天气形势中的中低层风场,很容易受模式中降水潜热反馈过程的影响,导致错误的预报订正指引;比较而言,模式预报的高层流场,受潜热反馈过程影响较小,是值得在天气分析环节中加以重视的预报着眼点;此外,对于由中小尺度天气系统传播所致的大暴雨或特大暴雨,分辨率更高的区域模式预报结果可能具有更好的预报参考性,也是今后类似暴雨预报过程中应该重视的着眼点之一。

     

Intraseasonal Oscillation of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon and Its Influence on Regionally Persistent Heavy Rain over Southern China

The intraseasonal oscillation（ISO） in the South China Sea summer monsoon（SCSSM） and its influence on regionally persistent heavy rain（RPHR） over southern China are examined by using satelhte outgoing long wave radiation,NCEP/NCAR reanalysis,and gridded rainfall station data in China from 1981 to 2010.The most important feature of the ISO in SCSSM,contributing to the modulation of RPHR,is found to be the fluctuation in the western Pacific subtropical high（WPSH）,along with a close link to the Madden-Julian oscillation（MJO）.Southern China is divided into three regions by using rotated empirical orthogonal functions（REOFs）for intraseasonal rainfall,where the incidence rate of RPHR is closely linked to the intraseasonal variation in rainfall.It is found that SCSSM ISOs are the key systems controlling the intraseasonal variability in rainfall and can be described by the leading pair of empirical orthogonal functions（EOFs） for the 850-hPa zonal wind over the SCS and southern China.Composite analyses based on the principal components（PCs） of the EOFs indicate that the ISO process in SCSSM exhibits as the east-west oscillation of the WPSH,which is coupled with the northward-propagating MJO,creating alternating dry and wet phases over southern China with a period of 40 days.The wet phases provide stable and lasting circulation conditions that promote RPHR.However,differences in the ISO structures can be found when RPHR occurs in regions where the WPSH assumes different meridional positions.Further examination of the meridional-phase structure suggests an important role of northward-propagating ISO and regional air-sea interaction in the ISO process in SCSSM.     

2011年春夏长江中下游旱涝急转特征及原因分析

利用NCEP再分析资料,分析了影响2011年春夏季长江南部中下游地区发生旱涝急转的异常大气环流特征及影响因素。发现:长江南部中下游地区旱涝急转发生与西北太平洋副热带高压的变化有密切关系。副热带高压由弱到强的变化为降水提供了水汽条件,高空急流的变化则为降水提供了上升运动条件。进一步分析表明,西太平洋副热带高压西伸加强的原因与副热带高压加强前一候时间内孟加拉湾地区的异常对流加强有密切的关系。急流的变化则与陆地气温的季节变化和中纬度西太平洋强经向海表面温度(SST)梯度异常存在密切的联系。本文的研究表明:2011春夏季长江中下游地区旱涝急转现象的发生,是局地大气环流变化,南北半球大气相互影响以及海洋对大气环流影响的共同作用造成。     

强降雨条件下土质边坡瞬态稳定性分析

基于实际降雨气象资料,设计了单峰降雨和8个不同时间间隔的双峰降雨计算方案,利用非饱和土力学理论,对边坡的瞬态稳定性进行了计算和分析,研究了水分在坡体内的运移对边坡稳定性的时间空间影响效应,同时考察了降雨入渗造成的土性渗透特性的改变。分析发现：一次降雨的影响历时约12 d,降雨后约0.5 d该类土质边坡最危险;不同时间间隔的两次降雨对边坡稳定的影响比单峰降雨的最小安全系数滞后约0.3 d～0.8 d,影响历时基本保持不变;土体物理力学性质、边坡最危险滑动面及其对应的安全系数随水分在坡体内渗透运移而变化。