The influence of solar activity on the rainfall over India: Cycle-to-cycle variations

We use 130 years data for studying correlative effects due to solar cycle and activity phenomena on the occurrence of rainfall over India. For the period of different solar cycles, we compute the correlation coefficients and significance of correlation coefficients for the seasonal months of Jan–Feb (JF), Mar–May (MAM), June–Sept (JJAS) and Oct–Dec (OND) and,annual mean data. We find that: (i) with a moderate-to-high significance, Indian rainfall is correlated with the sunspot activity and, (ii) there is an overall trend that during the period of low sunspot activity, occurrence of rainfall is high compared to the period of high sunspot activity. We speculate in this study a possible physical connection between the occurrence of the rainfall and the sunspot activities and, the flux of galactic cosmic rays. Some of the negative correlations between the occurrences of the sunspot and rainfall activities obtained for different solar cycle periods are interpreted as effects of aerosols on the rain forming clouds due to either intermittent volcanic eruptions or due to intrusion of interstellar dust particles in the Earth’s atmosphere.     

Further assessment of flood‐ and drought‐dominated regimes in south‐eastern Australia

Kirkup et al. (1998) [Australian Geographer 29, pp. 241–55] criticise our theory of alternating flood regimes and question its application to river management. A brief but critical appraisal of their work shows many errors and misrepresentations. When these are corrected, their challenge is found deficient.     

中国长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨的发生特征及成因

主要综述了最近关于中国长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨发生特征和成因的研究。表明:长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨的发生频率非常高,并给经济造成了严重损失,长江流域洪涝灾害发生不仅具有准两年周期的年际变化,而且具有明显的年代际变化,从1977年之后,长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨增多;并且,表明了无论是长江中、下游地区或是长江上游的川东地区持续性暴雨都是在"鞍"型大尺度环流系统的配置下发生,这是由于这种大尺度环流系统的配置不仅利于水汽输送到长江中、下游地区或上游的川东地区,而且利于在"鞍"型中心地区产生垂直对流不稳定,从而引起暴雨中尺度系统的发展。此外,还综述了长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨发生的成因的研究,这些研究表明了长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨发生的年际和年代际变化是与大气-海洋-陆面耦合的东亚季风气候系统的变异密切相关。     

40 kaBP来亚非季风演化趋势及青藏高原泛湖期

基于18个黄土/古土壤序列 (黄土高原与青藏高原) 与27个湖泊沉积序列 (青藏高原、新疆、云南与赤道非洲及其以北的非洲季风区) 对比分析了东亚季风区、印度季风区与非洲季风区40 ka以来的区域环境演变特征。结果显示：上述区域在对应岁差周期的高太阳辐射阶段,也就是40~24 kaBP与14~4 kaBP分别经历了一次环境湿润期,而在末次冰期最盛期,除中国云南、青藏高原及新疆部分地区外,其他地区则较为干燥。青藏高原及其北侧的新疆区,40~24 kaBP比14~4 kaBP气候更为湿润,湖泊呈现40 ka以来的最高最大湖面,高原进入一次泛湖期。而非洲区及黄土高原,则与此相反;14~4 kaBP气候比40~24 kaBP更为湿润、适宜,湖面更高,成壤作用更强。40~24 kaBP,印度季风强盛,加强了对高原的水汽与潜热输送,同时,由于北方冰盖的存在,西风气流则相对南移,增加了对高原的影响,两种气流交互作用引起的强降水,可能是造成湖泊显著扩张的主要原因。     

Modelling rainfall interception losses of three plantations in the Loess Plateau

The forest canopy affects the water entering the forest ecosystem by intercepting rainfall. This is especially pertinent in forests that depend on rainfall for their ecological water needs, quantifying and simulating interception losses provide critical insights into their ecological hydrological processes. In the semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau, afforestation has become an effective ecological restoration measure. However, the rainfall interception process of these plantations is still unclear. To quantify and model the canopy interception of these plantations, we conducted a two-year rainfall redistribution measurement experiment in three typical plantations, including a deciduous broadleaf plantation (Robinia pseudoacacia) and two evergreen coniferous plantations (Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis). Based on this, the revised Gash model was used to simulate their interception losses, and the model applicability across varying rainfall types was further compared and verified. The experiment clarified the rainfall redistribution in the three plantations, and the proportions of throughfall to gross rainfall in Robinia pseudoacacia, Platycladus orientalis, and Pinus tabuliformis were 84.8%, 70.4%, and 75.6%; corresponding, the stemflow proportions were 2.0%, 2.2%, and 1.8%; the interception losses were 13.2%, 27.4%, and 22.6%, respectively. The dominant rainfall pattern during the experiment was characterized by low-amounts, moderate-intensity, and short-duration, during which the highest interception proportions across the three plantations were observed. We used the Penman-Monteith equation and the regression method, respectively, to estimate the canopy average evaporation rate of the revised Gash model, finding that the latter provides a closer match to the measured cumulative interception (NSE >0.7). When simulating interception under the three rainfall patterns, the model with the regression method better simulated the cumulative interception and event-scale interception for Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis plantations under the dominant rainfall pattern. The results contribute valuable information to assess the impact of forest rainfall interception on regional hydrologic processes.     

陕西苹果成熟期连阴雨指数及预报方法研究

选取陕西苹果30个生产基地县中果业发展水平具有代表性的12个台站,近50年(1961—2009年)9月中旬至10月上旬苹果成熟期连续3天及以上降水日数和无降水日数资料,设计并计算其连阴雨指数。将连阴雨指数分成强、偏强、中等、偏弱和弱5个等级,并用典型K阶自回归AR(K)预测模式进行独立样本预测试验。结果表明连阴雨指数能够较客观地反映基地县的连阴雨强度,且典型K阶自回归预测模式预测准确及基本准确率在83%左右,预报效果尚好,具有实用价值。     

CHANGE OF NUTRIENT IMPORT AND EXPORT IN PROCESS OF RAINFALL IN AILAO MOUNTAIN OF YUNNAN PROVINCE

ＣＨＡＮＧＥ　ＯＦ　ＮＵＴＲＩＥＮＴ　ＩＭＰＯＲＴ　ＡＮＤ　ＥＸＰＯＲＴ　ＩＮ　ＰＲＯＣＥＳＳ　ＯＦ　ＲＡＩＮＦＡＬＬ　ＩＮ　ＡＩＬＡＯ　ＭＯＵＮＴＡＩＮ　ＯＦ　ＹＵＮＮＡＮ　ＰＲＯＶＩＮＣＥＧａｎＪｉａｎｍｉｎ（甘健民）；ＸｕｅＪｉｎｇｙｉ（薛敬意...     

两种应变仪的面应变观测资料的比对研究

对徐州地震台的YRY-4型分量式和TJ-2型体积式钻孔应变仪,2008—2010年的面应变原始观测曲线、年变曲线、降雨干扰曲线、气压影响曲线和固体潮汐观测结果进行了比对研究,并计算了各自的相关系数和影响系数,总结了二者的共性和差异。     

Upper-ocean variation in the northern South China Sea from mooring station observations

I~IOXThe northern South China Sea is the frontal region for the water exchange between the sleuthChina Sea (SCS) and its neighboring seas. Its northeast part connects to the East China hothrough the Taiwan Strait and the east part ~ates with the Pacific Ocean by the LUZOn Strait.The a~heric interface over the northern SCS is the important paSSage for the South China Seamourn. Therefore, the uPPer vallationS Of the northern SCS are not Only affected by the dynndc and thermed~c d…     

自然降雨条件下不同生态措施坡地的径流数值模拟

从动量定理和水量平衡原理出发,以Saint Venant方程为基础推导出自然降雨条件下不同生态措施(即同时考虑变雨强、降雨动量和不同生态措施影响下的坡地径流过程)坡地的径流基本方程。在考虑一般问题定解条件的基础上,采用Preissmann隐式格式对模型进行数值求解。利用3个处理(裸地、百喜草覆盖和百喜草+果树覆盖)、5组实测资料(不同雨型)对模型进行了验证,结果表明3个处理的计算值与实测值的平均相对误差分别为:14.97%、13.59%、15.15%,说明模型的计算结果是可靠的,对于模拟预测自然降雨条件下不同生态措施坡地径流过程是可行的。