Hydroxy acids in Antarctic lake sediments and their geochemical significance

Hydroxy acids in sediments of Lakes Bonney, Fryxell, Joyce and Vanda, and unnamed ponds (B2, NF1, NF2 and L4) as well as in cyanobacterial mats from the McMurdo Sound region of southern Victoria Land in Antarctica have been studied to clarify their features and elucidate their source organisms. Normal and branched (iso and anteiso) 2-hydroxy acids were found in all the samples studied with the predominance of even- and odd-carbon numbers, respectively. The most dominant 2-hydroxy acids in the sediments were mainly short-chain components (<C₂₀). Normal and branched 3-hydroxy acids were detectewith the predominance of even- and odd-carbon numbers, respectively, in total concentrations between 0.48 and 53 μg/g of dry sediment. (ω-1)-Hydroxy acids were all long-chains (C₂₂, C₂₄, C₂₆, C₂₈ and C₃₀). 9,10-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic and/or 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acids were identified in all the sediments and a cyanobacterial mat. The composition of hydroxy acids differ considerably among the lakes and ponds, suggesting the difference of source organisms. These 2-, 3- and (ω-1)-hydroxy, and 9,10-dihydroxy acids may be derived from cyanobacteria and microalgae, in addition to non-photosynthetic microorganisms. Cyanobacteria and microalgae which are widely distributed in the world, may be important sources of hydroxy acids in the natural environments.     

Field observations on the variability of crude oil impact on indigenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from sub-Antarctic intertidal sediments

Oil pollution of the oceans has been a problem ever since man began to use fossil fuels. Biodegradation by naturally occurring populations of micro-organisms is a major mechanism for the removal of petroleum from the environment. To examine the effects of crude oil pollution on intertidal bacteria, we repeated the same contamination experiments on nine different sub-Antarctic intertidal beaches using specifically built enclosures (PVC pipe, 15 cm in inner diameter and 30 cm in height). Despite the pristine environmental conditions, significant numbers of indigenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were observed in all the studied beaches. Introduction of oil into these previously oil-free environments resulted in several orders of magnitude of increase in hydrocarbon-degrading micro-organisms within a few days in some of the studied sites but has no obvious effects on two others. The physical environment of the bacterial assemblage seems to play a major role in the biodegradation capacities. After 3 months of contamination, both remaining oil concentrations and biodegradation indexes differ strongly between the different stations. Thus, chemical and biological parameters reveal a strong heterogeneity of biodegradation capacities between the different sites.     

中国对虾甲壳褐斑病的扫描电镜研究

本文报导了病虾溃疡甲壳的扫描电镜观察结果。由于细菌的侵蚀,甲壳有不同程度的溃疡病变。由甲酚类物质组成的表壳层结构普遍受损,呈剥离状。外壳层和含钙内壳层也有大面积的深度损害。刚毛断裂的结构显示,刚毛由内轴和外鞘组成,外鞘厚度约为1μm,内轴为实心,厚度约为5μm,轴鞘结构之间有一宽度为0.5μm的间隙。     

新疆十红滩铀矿床中微生物类群特征及其成矿作用探讨

在国内首次利用生物学方法对新疆十红滩铀矿床中的微生物进行了分离和鉴定。结果表明,十红滩铀矿不同氧化程度岩石中主要微生物的分布特征不同,氧化-还原过渡带微生物的活动很活跃,存在大量的好氧和厌氧细菌,矿石带细菌种类较单一,以厌氧的硫酸盐还原菌为主。同时结合主要微生物类群对其参与铀的成矿和改变成矿环境等方面的作用进行了探讨。     

黄土-微生物系统处理含油废水的静态模拟试验研究

通过室内静态模拟实验,对黄土-微生物系统去除含油废水中石油类污染物的效果进行研究,分析了营养物质、温度、氧化剂及pH值等影响因素,并通过正交试验确定了系统的最佳生态条件。结果表明:黄土-微生物系统处理含油废水的最佳生态条件为:营养物质(C∶N∶P)为500∶6∶1,温度为35℃,H2O2的累积投加量为12mg/L,pH值为7。     

Molecular genetic diversity of bacteria in the bottom section of arctic sea ice from the Canada Basin

PCR-DGGE approach was used to analyze bacterial diversity in the bottom section of seven arctic sea ice samples colleted from the Canada Basin. Thirty-two 16S rDNA sequences were obtained from prominent DGGE bands. The closest relatives of these sequences are found to be those of cultivated or uncultured bacteria from antarctic or arctic sea ice. Phylogenetic analysis clustered these sequences or phylotypes within α- proteobacteria, γ-proteobacteria and CFB (cytophaga-flexibacter-bacteroides) group. Sequences belonging to γ-proteobacteria were dominant and members of the CFB group were highly abundant. It was suggested that the CFB group was the representative of the bottom section of sea ice samples.     

南海油田烃类氧化菌生态分布初步研究

报道了冬季南海珠江口盆地4大油田(陆丰13-1油田、流花11-1油田、CACT惠州油田和西江30-2/24-3油田)烃类氧化菌的分布和变化状况。在所有站位都检出烃类氧化菌,数量介于3.00×104～2.05×105个/L。各油田平台附近的测值高;表层的测值高于10m层。烃类氧化菌的数量与水域中的营养盐含量及其它水质因子有一定的关系。     

利用硫氧化细菌改良盐碱土

硫氧化细菌具有氧化单质硫及硫化物,生成硫酸的特性。根据硫氧化细菌的这种生物特性,使其在盐碱土中发生生化反应,将硫磺粉氧化生成硫酸,中和盐碱土中的OH^-,从而达到改良盐碱土的目的。在实验中,土样分为吹填土、盐田土、农田土、绿化土4组,将一定体积的氧化硫硫杆菌、排硫杆菌菌液和硫磺粉加入到各土样中,每12 h观测一次土壤上清液的pH值和电导率。实验结果表明:氧化硫硫杆菌和排硫杆菌对降低土壤pH值有明显作用,使土壤pH值由7.5降低到7.2,对改良碱土有一定的作用。     

Bathing waters: New directive, new standards, new quality approach

Bathing water quality is an important public health issue, mainly because of fecal contamination. In 2006, the European Commission (EC) adopted a new directive with respect to recreational bathing waters that calls for stricter standards and reduces the number of laboratory tests done in routine beach monitoring from nineteen to two bacterial indicators, namely, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci, replacing policies of the EC Bathing Water Directive that have existed since 1976. Our practice in Portugal is in line with this international development, and this study demonstrates the equivalency of the new bacteriological parameters with the old. The water quality of 25 coastal beaches was surveyed using both new and old microbiological indicators of fecal contamination. Statistical analysis demonstrated equivalency of the results obtained for fecal coliforms with Escherichia coli and for fecal streptococci with intestinal enterococci.