一次冷涡背景下强对流不稳定条件的成因分析

利用常规观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,在分析环流背景、探空资料的基础上,通过选取不同的高度和温度,对比研究四种CAPE以及CAPE场与地面要素场的关系,对发生在辽宁沈阳的一次冷涡背景下的强对流天气进行不稳定条件成因分析.结果表明,水汽潜热是不稳定能量的主要组成部分,冷涡背景下低层暖湿平流、高层冷干平流有利于不稳定能量的累积,从而导致强对流天气的发生;对流温度CAPE可以反映午后发生强对流所必需的不稳定能量,对强对流天气预报具有一定指示意义.     

极地寡营养细菌AT52(Alteromonas stellipolarissp.nov.)超微结构、生长生理特性及液态富营养发酵培养条件优化

寡营养细菌是一类能利用低浓度有机营养基质的细菌,通过研究1株分离自南极海洋的极地寡营养细菌AT52,发现富营养条件下AT52菌体细胞周身附肢,附肢长短不一,具鞭毛,菌体出芽生殖,由一层原生质膜包围.寡营养饥饿生存的菌体细胞相对较小,近球形,边缘不平滑,无鞭毛附肢等超微结构,细胞体眠未见出芽生殖过程.实验中采用寡营养环境...     

Characteristics of urban heat island effect in Lhasa City

This paper analyzes the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in Lhasa City of Tibet using meteorological observations, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST) data obtained from Earth Observing System/Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (EOS/MODIS) information, and correlation and composite analyses. The results show: (1) Areas with high temperature are primarily located in the center of the city or nearby counties, while low temperature areas are in the suburbs of counties. The area with high temperature has expanded in recent years and some high-temperature centers have even migrated to certain other regions. (2) The UHI intensity tends to be stronger both in annual and seasonal variations, especially in winter. Also, LST is somewhat positively related to mean air temperature. (3) A negative correlation exists between the changes of LST and NDVI with the increase of vegetation from urban to rural areas in different seasons. (4) The UHI intensity is negatively correlated with precipitation while positively correlated with wind speed, and the relation between the UHI intensity and evaporation varies with the seasons, namely, the intensity is positively correlated with summer evaporation but negatively correlated with winter evaporation. (5) UHI intensity might be enhanced by intensified urbanization, wherein built-up areas expand, there is increased heat from human activity, and there is more artificial heat input to the atmosphere.     

Distribution characteristics,exploration and development,geological theories research progress and exploration directions of shale gas in China

The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10¹²m³,which includes about 20×10¹²m³ of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×10⁹m³ in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformation,a moderate degree of thermal evolution,and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment.As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy,shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress,three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward.     

孔隙砂岩力学性质随埋深变化的三轴试验研究

针对取自吐-哈盆地中侏罗统油储地层砂岩(J_(2s))进行了三轴压缩试验,设计了不同的温度、压力及含水组台条件来模拟地层埋深对岩石力学性质的影响.初步结果表明,J_(2s)砂岩的主要静态岩石力学参数(杨氏模量、抗压强度、抗剪强度、弹性极限应力.残余强度及最大轴向承载应变量等)都呈明显的“组合”变化.随着埋深增大(0-5000m),杨氏模量总体呈下降趋势,其余各量皆有不同程度的增加,还对温压组合条件下砂岩断面上的摩擦滑动性能进行了分析讨论.结果对油储工程稳定性研究及油储地层地球物理反演时地层弹性参数的选取皆具有一定的参考意义.     

Numerical simulation of the influence of management alternatives of a projected reservoir on a small alluvial aquifer affected by seawater intrusion (Almuñécar, Spain)

The present study concerns the application of a numerical approach to describe the influence of anthropogenic modifications in surface flows (operation of a projected reservoir) on the freshwater-seawater relationships in a downstream coastal aquifer which has seasonal seawater intrusion problems (River Verde alluvial aquifer, Almuñécar, southern Spain). A steady-state finite element solution to the partial differential equation governing the regional motion of a phreatic surface and the resulting sharp interface between fresh water and salt water was used to predict the regional behavior of the River Verde aquifer under actual surface flow conditions. The present model approximates, with simple triangular elements, the regional behavior of a coastal aquifer under appropriate sinks, sources, Neumann and open boundary conditions. A steady-state solution to this numerical approach has been shown to precisely calculate freshwater heads, saltwater thicknesses, and freshwater discharges along steeply sloping coasts. Hence, the adequate treatment and interpretation of the hydrogeological data which are available for the River Verde aquifer have been of main concern in satisfactorily applying the proposed numerical model. Present simulated conditions consider steady-state yearly averaged amounts of external supplies of fresh water in order to determine the influences of the projected Otívar reservoir on the further behavior of the River Verde coastal aquifer. When recharges occur at the coastline, essentially because of freshwater deficits due to groundwater overexploitation, a hypothesis of mixing for the freshwater-saltwater transition zone is made in order to still allow the model to continue calculating groundwater heads under the sea level, and, as a consequence, the resulting seawater intrusion and recharges of saltwater from the sea. Simulations show that a considerable advance in seawater intrusion would be expected in the coastal aquifer if current rates of groundwater pumping continue and a significant part of the runoff from the River Verde is channeled from the Otívar reservoir for irrigation purposes.     

Cordierite-bearing schists and gneisses from Timor, eastern Indonesia: P-T conditions of metamorphism and tectonic implications

In the Boi Massif of Western Timor the Mutis Complex, which is equivalent to the Lolotoi Complex of East Timor, is composed of two lithostratigraphical components: various basement schists and gneisses; and the dismembered remnants of an ophiolite. Cordierite-bearing pelitic schists and gneisses carry an early mineral assemblage of biotite + garnet + plagioclase + Al-silicate, but contain no prograde muscovite; sillimanite occurs in a textural mode which suggests that it replaced and pseudomorphed kyanite at an early stage and some specimens of pelitic schist contain tiny kyanite relics in plagioclase. Textural relations between, and mineral chemistries of, ferro-magnesian phases in these pelitic chists and gneisses suggest that two discontinuous reactions and additional continuous compositional changes have been overstepped, possibly with concomitant anatexis, as a result of decrease in P_load during high temperature metamorphism. The simplified reactions are: garnet and/or biotite + sillimanite + quartz + cordierite + hercynite + ilmenite + excess components. P-T conditions during the development of the early mineral assemblage in the pelitic gneisses are estimated to have been P + 10 kbar and T > 750°C, based upon the plagioclase-garnet-Al-silicate-quartz geobarometer and the garnet-biotite geothermometer. P-T conditions during the subsequent development of cordierite-bearing mineral assemblages in the pelitic gneisses are estimated to have been P + 5 kbar and T + 700°C with X_H2O < 0.5, based upon the Fe content of cordierite occurring in the assemblage quartz + plagioclase + sillimanite + biotite + garnet + cordierite coexisting with melt. Final equilibration between some of the phases suggests that conditions dropped to P > 2.3 kbar and T > 600°C. A similar exhumation P-T path is suggested for the pelitic schists with early metamorphic conditions of P > 6.2 kbar and T > 745°C and subsequent development of cordierite under conditions in the range P = 3-4 kbar and T = 600-700°C. The tectonic implications of these P-T estimates are discussed and it is concluded that the P-T path followed by these rocks was caused by decompression during rifting and synmetamorphic ophiolite emplacement resulting from processes during the initiation and development of a convergent plate junction located in Southeast Asia during late Jurassic to Cretaceous time.     

A HISTORICAL EXAMINATION ON LAND DESERTIFICATION IN NORTH CHINA

1 INTRODUCTIONAccording to historical records, there has existed the large-area desert in the northwest of China for a long time, which formed in the geologic age and historical periods, and continuously evolved because of climate changes and human activities. Although a certain amount of achievement has been obtained since the 1950s, land desertification went on expanding quickly. For desertification by wind erosion, the average expansion speed was 1560km2 per year from the late 1950s …     

基于约束条件的线要素化简算法质量评估

随着制图综合质量评价越来越受重视,对地图要素中所占比例最大的线要素的化简算法进行质量评估变得十分必要。结合线化简算法自身的特点,从几何和语义两方面总结了线要素在化简过程容易出现的问题,在分析线要素化简应满足的约束条件的基础上,提出对算法实施评估的评价指标,并选择水平中误差等三种评价指标对三种线化简算法具体实施质量评估。试验结果证明了本文提出的评估方法的科学性。     

济南市平阴县大孙庄地区地热氡泉形成机理探析

济南市平阴县玫瑰镇大孙庄已发现两眼地热氡泉井,地热流体中氡含量高达332.6～625.7Bq/L,属于稀缺的天然理疗热矿水资源。采用土壤面积测氡、土壤剖面测氡、可控源音频大地电磁法（CSAMT）测量、水氡测试等方法,研究其形成机理。通过分析氡的物源条件、空间条件、动力条件,结合地热田的地质条件、水文地质条件、构造条件、水化学特征,建立了大孙庄地热氡泉形成机理模型,为在具有类似地质背景条件的地区勘查开发地热氡泉提供借鉴。