聚类分析在监测区域样地分类中的应用研究

为建立监测区域以遥感和GIS为基础的森林郁闭度及蓄积定量估测方程，需在监测区域抽取一定数量有代表性的样地。如何有效抽取有代表性的样地属多目标优化问题。若根据监测区域已知样地的数量，采用所有可能的组合方法，按一定优化标准进行抽样，计算工作量将非常庞大，实际工作中很难进行。为此需先对监测区域的样地进行分类，在分类的基础上选择一定数量有代表性的样地。因度量样地之间亲疏程度的统计量及类和类之间相似性测度指标有多种，因此对同一监测区域，不同的统计量及类和类之间相似性测度指标，将得到不同的分类结果。设置不同的影响郁闭度及蓄积估测的遥感和GIS因子，分类结果也会出现较大的差异。本文针对特定监测区域，采用计算机仿真方法，系统研究了不同影响因子对分类的影响规律，实际工作中应如何选择度量样地间亲疏程度的统计量及类和类之间相似性测度指标，所得结果可用于指导生产实践。     

Automatic estimation of olive tree dendrometric parameters based on airborne laser scanning data using alpha-shape and principal component analysis

The aim of this study is to present an automatic approach for olive tree dendrometric parameter estimation from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. The proposed method is based on a unique combination of the alpha-shape algorithm applied to normalized point cloud and principal component analysis. A key issue of the alpha-shape algorithm is to define the α parameter, as it directly affects the crown delineation results. We propose to adjust this parameter based on a group of representative trees in an orchard for which the classical field measurements were performed. The best value of the α parameter is one whose correlation coefficient of dendrometric parameters between field measurements and estimated values is the highest. We determined crown diameters as principal components of ALS points representing a delineated crown. The method was applied to a test area of an olive orchard in Spain. The tree dendrometric parameters estimated from ALS data were compared with field measurements to assess the quality of the developed approach. We found the method to be equally good or even superior to previously investigated semi-automatic methods. The average error is 19% for tree height, 53% for crown base height, and 13% and 9% for the length of the longer diameter and perpendicular diameter, respectively.     

面向对象的土壤—地形体数字化数据库管理系统分析与设计

利用全新的面向对象软件研制方法，经过分析、设计、编码和测试开发完成新的土壤、地形体数字化数据库（SOTER）管理系统。新系统继承和扩充了原有系统的属性数据管理功能，增强了SOTER数据库的完整性与安全性；将属性数据管理、空间数据管理和模型库集成在一个系统中，采用Windows的图形用户界面（GUI）与用户交互，使SOTER数据库的建立与维扩更加方便；同时促进了土壤信息应用的定量化、模式化和自动化，也为进一步建立土壤信息系统打下了良好基础。     

输电线断线对高压输电塔-线体系的冲击作用分析

研究了输电线断线对高压输电塔-线体系的冲击作用。给出了断线前后的结构动力平衡方程。分别采用梁单元、杆单元和悬链线单元对输电塔、绝缘子和输电线进行了模拟。根据实际工程,考虑输电线的几何非线性建立了高压输电塔-线体系的三维有限元模型,并计算了输电塔的动力特性。根据分析方法及分析工况,分别研究了不同工况下断线对高压输电塔-线体系的冲击作用及安全度评定。研究结果表明,地线的断线冲击较小,应该考虑不同的导线断线组合情况;断两根导线的冲击值,接近于设计所取的安全系数;输电线断线对高压输电塔的冲击作用不可忽视。     

Enhanced identification of a hydrologic model using streamflow and satellite water storage data: A multicriteria sensitivity analysis and optimization approach

Hydrologic model development and calibration have continued in most cases to focus only on accurately reproducing streamflows. However, complex models, for example, the so‐called physically based models, possess large degrees of freedom that, if not constrained properly, may lead to poor model performance when used for prediction. We argue that constraining a model to represent streamflow, which is an integrated resultant of many factors across the watershed, is necessary but by no means sufficient to develop a high‐fidelity model. To address this problem, we develop a framework to utilize the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment's (GRACE) total water storage anomaly data as a supplement to streamflows for model calibration, in a multiobjective setting. The VARS method (Variogram Analysis of Response Surfaces) for global sensitivity analysis is used to understand the model behaviour with respect to streamflow and GRACE data, and the BORG multiobjective optimization method is applied for model calibration. Two subbasins of the Saskatchewan River Basin in Western Canada are used as a case study. Results show that the developed framework is superior to the conventional approach of calibration only to streamflows, even when multiple streamflow‐based error functions are simultaneously minimized. It is shown that a range of (possibly false) system trajectories in state variable space can lead to similar (acceptable) model responses. This observation has significant implications for land‐surface and hydrologic model development and, if not addressed properly, may undermine the credibility of the model in prediction. The framework effectively constrains the model behaviour (by constraining posterior parameter space) and results in more credible representation of hydrology across the watershed.     

Quantitative geomorphological analysis of drumlins in the Peterborough drumlin field,Ontario, Canada

Drumlins are enigmatic subglacial landforms that have been interpreted to form by a number of processes, including incremental accumulation of till, erosion of previously deposited sediment, catastrophic meltwater floods, and sediment deformation. However, relatively little is known about the controls on drumlin formation, such as spatially variable glacial processes or substrate characteristics, and how these controls may be identified from variations in drumlin morphology within a single drumlin field. This paper explores a computational method that allows identification of drumlins and extraction of their morphological characteristics from existing topographic digital data for a portion of the Peterborough drumlin field in Ontario, Canada. Spatial and non‐spatial analysis of the form and distribution of drumlins across the study area identifies drumlin characteristics such as size, elongation ratio, symmetry and long axis orientation and shows that drumlins are not randomly distributed across the region and their form characteristics have distinct regional trends. Kernel density analysis is used to identify the regional trends in drumlin characteristics. Factors that appear to influence the form and distribution of drumlins in the study area include sediment thickness, length of time beneath the ice, ice velocity and direction of ice movement. The distribution of particularly well developed asymmetric and elongate drumlins coincides with the location of a broad bedrock low and is interpreted to identify the former location of a fast‐flowing ice stream.     

发展中山会展旅游的思考

会展旅游是当今世界旅游业发展的一个重要方向，是一个蕴涵巨大价值的旅游项目，是都市旅游不可或缺的一部分。中山会展旅游不仅有着良好的区位条件，而且具有持续发展的良好经济环境。但中山会展旅游的宜传、促销力度不够，专业人才匮乏，市场运作不完善，旅游辅助作用有限，同时，面临周边城市的激烈竞争。对此，应把会展旅游作为培育中山旅游的重要动力来认识，加强对会展旅游的宣传推广，提高认识；培养专业人才，建立会展旅游组织；强化特色，准确定位；广泛协作联合，使广州的会展旅游走上可持续发展轨道。     

大连市人工地貌对人口变化的响应分析

文章以大连市为例,研究人口变化与城市人工地貌间的动态关系.研究表明:在城市发展的不同阶段,由于市内外、市内各区间的人口变化影响,使得城市人工地貌体在水平与垂直空间上不断地增长和重组.具体表现在近10年来3个阶段上的过渡,即城市人工地貌的发育模式经历了从"以水平发展为主-水平和垂直复合式发展-以垂直发展为主"的转变过程.对市内4个区人口、建筑面积以及建筑高度变化的相关分析,进一步体现了人口对各类型人工地貌体分布的驱动过程.     

阿留申低压一组环流指数与北半球海气异常的关系

定义了一组描述冬季季、月平均1 000 h Pa位势高度上阿留申低压(Aleutian low,AL)状态的新环流指数,包括强度指数P、面积指数S及中心位置指数(λ_c,φ_c)。采用1948/1949—2007/2008年60个冬季的NCEP/NCAR平均高度场资料计算了上述环流指数,并据此分析了AL的气候及异常规律。结果表明:1)AL在1月最强,中心偏南、偏西;12月最弱,中心偏北、偏东;2月居中。2)AL指数P与λ_c之间存在负相关,强年('0)偏东(λ'0)、弱年偏西。AL年代际变化主要表现在自20世纪70年代以来持续偏强、偏东,但近年有反转的迹象。3)AL在强El Nio年偏强、偏东,在强La Nia年相反,该关系自1975年以后尤其明显;AL与中纬太平洋海表温度(SST)存在显著正相关,SST负异常年AL东移加强,反之亦然。4)AL指数P与同期北半球中高纬气温、降水的显著相关区呈现"+-+"大圆波列分布,相关中心分别位于中纬度北太平洋、北美西北部、北美南部,与太平洋—北美遥相关型(PNA)接近。     

Sensitivity Analysis of the Super Heavy Rainfall Event in Henan on 20 July (2021) Using ECMWF Ensemble Forecasts

An unprecedented heavy rainfall event occurred in Henan Province, China, during the period of 1200 UTC 19-1200 UTC 20 July 2021 with a record of 522 mm accumulated rainfall. Zhengzhou, the capital city of Henan, received 201.9 mm of rainfall in just one hour on the day. In the present study, the sensitivity of this event to atmospheric variables is investigated using the ECMWF ensemble forecasts. The sensitivity analysis first indicates that a local YellowHuai River low vortex(YHV) in the southe...