What meta-analysis can tell us about vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification has been proposed as a major threat for marine biodiversity. Hendriks et al. [Hendriks, I.E., Duarte, C.M., Alvarez, M., 2010. Vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.022.] proposed an alternative view and suggested, based on a meta-analysis, that marine biota may be far more resistant to ocean acidification than hitherto believed. However, such a meta-analytical approach can mask more subtle features, for example differing sensitivities during the life-cycle of an organism. Using a similar metric on an echinoderm database, we show that key bottlenecks present in the life-cycle (e.g. larvae being more vulnerable than adults) and responsible for driving the whole species response may be hidden in a global meta-analysis. Our data illustrate that any ecological meta-analysis should be hypothesis driven, taking into account the complexity of biological systems, including all life-cycle stages and key biological processes. Available data allow us to conclude that near-future ocean acidification can/will have dramatic negative impact on some marine species, including echinoderms, with likely consequences at the ecosystem level.     

Probabilistic modelling of long-term beach evolution near segmented shore-parallel breakwaters

This paper presents a new framework for probabilistic modelling of long-term beach evolution in the vicinity of detached breakwaters. The study focuses on the key physical processes contributing to beach variability over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Based on a one-line model, the framework is enhanced with sophisticated solutions for beach-wave-structure interaction, diffraction together with a treatment of varying tide level. The sediment transport rate is calibrated at regional and local levels using data from bespoke field campaigns and site-specific coefficients are proposed. Monte Carlo simulation is conducted for long-term shoreline simulation under a sequence of time varying sequence of waves, currents and tidal levels. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation give an insight into the statistical characteristics of beach behaviour within the defence system. In particular, regions within the scheme that are relatively stable and those that exhibit greater natural fluctuations are identified.     

A comparison of the main methods for estimating probabilities of extreme still water levels

Sea-level return periods are estimated at 18 sites around the English Channel using: (i) the annual maxima method; (ii) the r-largest method; (iii) the joint probability method; and (iv) the revised joint probability method. Tests are undertaken to determine how sensitive these four methods are to three factors which may significantly influence the results; (a) the treatment of the long-term trends in extreme sea level; (b) the relative magnitudes of the tidal and non-tidal components of sea level; and (c) the frequency, length and completeness of the available data. Results show that unless sea-level records with lengths of at least 50 years are used, the way in which the long-term trends is handled in the different methods can lead to significant differences in the estimated return levels. The direct methods (i.e. methods i and ii) underestimate the long (> 20 years) period return levels when the astronomical tidal variations of sea level (relative to a mean of zero) are about twice that of the non-tidal variations. The performance of each of the four methods is assessed using prediction errors (the difference between the return periods of the observed maximum level at each site and the corresponding data range). Finally, return periods, estimated using the four methods, are compared with estimates from the spatial revised joint probability method along the UK south coast and are found to be significantly larger at most sites along this coast, due to the comparatively short records originally used to calibrate the model in this area. The revised joint probability method is found to have the lowest prediction errors at most sites analysed and this method is recommended for application wherever possible. However, no method can compensate for poor data.     

麻痹性贝毒对肝脏和肾脏氧化损伤的影响

为了探讨麻痹性贝毒(PSP)对肝脏和肾脏损伤的机制,采用膝沟藻毒素GTX-1,4对小鼠进行急性暴露,剂量为1μg/kg,时间分别为60、90、120min。结果发现,与对照组相比,肝脏染毒组中的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量没有显著变化;在肾脏中,60 min时染毒组GSH含量没有明显变化,90、120 min时GSH含量降低;两器官中抗氧化酶(GSH-Px、SOD)活性与对照组相比均无显著变化(P0.05)。从而推断,GSH参与了PSP对肾脏损害的毒性过程;肾中GSH含量有可能作为PSP早期检测的敏感指标。     

铝胁迫对海莲幼苗中某些金属元素累积的影响

对海莲(Brugiera sexangula)幼苗进行不同浓度的铝盐处理,采用微波消解和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了海莲幼苗叶片,茎和根组分的Na、Mg、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn和Al金属元素含量。结果显示,随培养液Al浓度的增加,海莲叶片、茎和根部Al的积累增加,其中根组分增加尤为显著。Al胁迫下,海莲根部对Na的吸收增强,但在叶和茎中的变化不显著;10 mmol/L的Al处理促进了根对K的吸收;Al显著抑制了Mn和Fe在海莲中的积累;Cu、Zn含量在海莲各器官中的变化不一致。此外,25 mmol/L和50 mmol/L Al处理的海莲幼苗根部对Ca的积累显著增加,有利于Al毒害的缓解作用。     

长蛸的盐度耐受性及盐度胁迫对其血细胞和体内酶活力的影响

通过控制暂养水体盐度,用盐度突变与盐度渐变2种方法测定长蛸的盐度耐受性.测定了长蛸血细胞密度、各类血细胞数量比例以及各种酶的活力几组数据,并分析其血细胞与体内酶活力的变化.结果表明：长蛸的生存盐度范围为7.0~30.3,适宜盐度范围为16.3~27.3,最适盐度范围为18.3~24.3,对盐度的适应范围较广,有利于长蛸大规模养殖的开展.在盐度胁迫下,长蛸血细胞密度,各种血细胞数量比例均发生显著改变,长蛸个体也随着胁迫加大变得越来越不适应,出现喷墨、休克、甚至死亡,这表明长蛸的免疫机能降低.无论在低盐度还是高盐度胁迫情况下,受渗透压的影响,长蛸肌体大量吸水和失水,呼吸作用减弱,体内供氧降低,导致长蛸体内有氧呼吸降低和无氧呼吸提高,于是催化有氧呼吸的LDH酶活力降低.同时,细胞内与免疫和消化相关的细胞器由于细胞吸水或失水作用功能受到影响,保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）、磷酸酶（ACP、AKP）和消化酶（蛋白酶和脂肪酶）的活力均呈下降趋势.由此可见,盐度胁迫对长蛸的影响是显著的.     

应对气候变化进程中纳入性别考虑的进展与启示

女性在应对气候变化中处于不利地位,也是应对气候变化中不可忽视的力量。国际社会已逐渐认识到在应对气候变化进程中纳入性别考虑的重要意义,性别议题在气候谈判中的主流化趋势明显,《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行层面纳入性别考虑取得了长足的进展,以全球环境基金、绿色气候基金为代表的《联合国气候变化框架公约》资金机制已将性别政策纳入机构政策体系,并积极在项目层面推动性别政策的实施。虽然国际气候变化领域的性别主流化工作取得了较大进展,但仍存在女性参与气候变化决策的程度不足、减缓领域纳入性别考虑的程度不足等问题。目前中国气候变化领域对性别的关注不足,建议加强气候变化领域的性别问题研究,为履约工作提供支撑;在应对气候变化相关的政策体系中纳入性别考虑,加强与性别领域的沟通协作;加强气候变化相关机构性别主流化能力建设,明确职责安排;加强气候变化领域国内项目、“一带一路”项目和“南南合作”项目的性别主流化;切实加强中国女性应对气候变化能力,提高女性对气候行动的参与度。     

长三角经济高速发展地区土壤pH时空变化及其影响因素

通过调查和分析长三角地区张家港市2004年和第二次土壤普查时(1980)的土壤pH,探讨了该市近20年来基于经济高速发展影响下的土壤pH变化及影响因素。结果表明,自第二次土壤普查以来,该市土壤pH变化明显。南部人为土地区绝大部分土壤pH值都下降了一个单位,平均值由7.39降至6.33;北部雏形土区,两个时期的土壤pH值分别为7.92和7.98。土壤pH的降低可能同该地区长期施用化学肥料、酸雨及工业酸性“三废”排放的增加有关。此外,土地利用和田间管理也对土壤pH变化起着较为重要的作用,而土壤地球化学性质差异则是导致南北地区土壤pH变化不同的内在因素。     

胶东半岛牟平-即墨断裂带晚中生代运动学转换历史

牟平-即墨断裂带不仅构成了苏鲁造山带与胶北地块（华北地块）的边界,也是中国东部巨型郯庐走滑断裂系（即郯城-庐江走滑断裂系）的主要组成部分。基于野外断层滑动矢量分析和古构造应力场反演、侵入岩和火山岩锆石U-Pb离子探针和Ar-Ar测年分析,结合海域地球物理资料解释成果,研究了该断裂带平面展布形态和晚中生代构造演化历史。结果表明,牟平-即墨断裂带在晚侏罗世-白垩纪时期经历了挤压左旋平移引张伸展右旋走滑拉分等3个显著不同的运动学转变历史。晚侏罗世是重要的挤压作用时期,沿断裂带发生显著的左旋走滑活动,牟平-即墨断裂带东支桃村-东陡山断裂记录了约30km的左旋错移量。早白垩世时期,构造体制以引张伸展活动为主,引张应力方向为NW-SE至近W-E向,沿断裂带形成一系列深而狭长的断陷盆地;盆地中侵入岩和火山喷发岩锆石U-Pb离子探针和Ar-Ar测试,获得了一致的年龄在106～123Ma。晚白垩世古新世时期,断裂带以右旋走滑活动为主,右旋剪切拉分作用控制了胶县-莱阳伸展断陷盆地的发育,沿断裂带局部凹陷区控制了晚白垩世王氏群沉积。早、晚白垩世之间发生一期构造挤压事件,挤压方向NW-SE,导致断陷盆地构造反转和断裂带左旋走滑活动,但这期走滑位移量不大。牟平即墨断裂带运动学历史和构造应力场演化较完整地记录了中国东部晚中生代构造体制转换过程,并对构造体制转换过程的动力学背景提供了重要的构造地质学制约。     

基于MSC MARC的三维构造应力场数值模拟与裂缝预测——以宝浪油田宝北区块为例

MSC MARC的高度非线性有限元分析能力与强大的二次开发接口为复杂三维地质数值模型的建立与三维构造应力模拟与非线性分析提供了有力工具; 并可以通过二次开放子程序建立复杂的岩石本构与破裂准则。本文基于MSC MARC建立了新疆焉耆盆地宝浪油田宝北区块背斜构造三维有限元模型并进行了构造应力模拟分析和裂缝预测。裂缝预测结果与实际动态资料十分吻合。