Identification of groundwater drought prone zones in Pedda vagu and Ookachetti vagu watersheds,tributaries of the Krishna River,India

The Pedda vagu and Ookachetti vagu watersheds located in the semi-arid regions of Mahabubnagar district are highly dependent on groundwater for irrigation owing to unreliable rainfall and over extraction of groundwater. The present study has been conducted to identify spatio-temporal groundwater droughts and drought-prone zones. Temporal groundwater droughts have been determined using a standardized water-level index along with spatial groundwater droughts using spline interpolation in Geographic Information Systems. The study shows that the groundwater droughts varied among the stations during the observation period, i.e. 1998–2011. However, the spatial assessment shows that the region as such experienced more mild groundwater droughts except during severe meteorological drought years (1998, 2002, 2004 and 2008); this indicates that the region has good scope for groundwater exploitation during dry spells and initial stages of droughts. Therefore, it is critical to have plans for the development of groundwater to cope with drought.     

How does carbon dioxide emission change with the economic development? Statistical experiences from 132 countries

Issues concerning what measures should be adopted to achieve a sustainable world with less carbon dioxide emission and in what magnitude should we reduce our emission have been on agenda in both international negotiations and countries’ policy making aimed at coping with potential global climate change. These issues cannot be easily addressed unless comprehensive understanding about the countries’ status quo as well as historical relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emission are gained. In this paper, we examine the historical relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emission; the ex ante restrictions on function forms and the poorly handled robustness issues rife in economics literature are synthetically addressed. Evidence from recent four decades indicates that per capita carbon dioxide emission first significantly and monotonously increase at low income level and flattens after per capita income reaches at about 22,000 $ (2005 constant price). We perform various robustness checks by employing different data sources, different model specifications and different econometric estimates. The captured development–emission relationship is robust. Our empirical results indicate factors such as urbanization, population density, trade, energy mix and economic environment impact the absolute level of carbon dioxide emission not the overall income elasticity structure of carbon dioxide emission.     

基于样条小波和Gabor小波的边缘检测

提供了对图像边缘的两步检测法.先利用样条小波变换模极大值法对图像进行处理,接着利用Otsu的阀值法把模值分为边缘点,非边缘点和待选边缘点.对待选边缘点进行Gabor小波分解,再对其系数进行单阀值处理,就可得到不同尺度下较精确的图像边缘.用小波变换对图像进行边缘检测可以很好地抑制噪声,但其缺点是边缘存在不连续的现象.提供的方法保留了小波变换的优点又进一步提高了检测的精确度和图像边缘的连续性.     

四种精密卫星钟差插值方法的比较

利用四种插值方法加密IGS网站下载的15 min和30 s卫星钟钟差改正,分别与IGS网站下载的30 s钟差数据以及CODE网站下载的5s钟差数据比较,试验表明,两种加密情况下宜选用线性分段插值。     

几种确定似大地水准面方法比较

利用GPS点水准联测数据,通过曲面拟合的方法得到高程异常值;重点探讨了在同一组数据下分别采用二次曲面、多面函数、神经网络和样条函数等拟合方法;通过实例验证这些方法的可行性,同时对各种方法的精度进行了比较。     

格林样条插值算法及其应用

新近发展起来了一种基于双调和算子格林函数计算的数据插值方法——格林样条插值法,这是用中心点位于各观测数据点的多个格林函数进行加权叠加而解析地计算出插值曲面(曲线)的全局插值方法.本文介绍了该方法的基本原理、插值方法和实用程序的发展概况及使用中可能出现的问题.利用格林样条插值法和另两种常用插值法处理了某地布格重力异常的实测数据,对比插值结果说明,格林样条法在抑制虚假异常、稳定显示局部异常和消除奇异边缘效应等方面,具有一定的优越性.     

移动格林基函数样条二维插值算法研究

针对用于插值的已知点较多时,插值计算需要解算大规模矩阵、计算耗时长甚至无法解算的问题,引入移动曲面的思想,取插值点周边最邻近k个已知点进行格林基函数二维样条移动插值,实例计算结果表示,该方法的插值精度高于Shepard插值法与多项式拟合法的精度。插值范围大及测点数量众多时,该方法仍可用,无需数据分区与光滑接边,与整体插值相比可大大降低计算时间。     

基于散乱数据的球面自然样条插值法

针对球面散乱数据插值问题,结合三元多项式自然样条方法的基本原理,提出一种新的逼近球面上散乱数据的自然样条插值方法,利用新的方法对给定区域内的三元函数进行数值逼近实验。将数值实验误差与理论误差对比(5%),结果验证了这种方法在球面散乱数据逼近问题上能够有效的使最大误差控制在2%以内。研究结果表明,这是一种比较有效的球面散乱数据逼近方法。     

样条函数步长变化对树轮宽度年表与气候相关性的影响初探

利用天山中部北坡头屯河及三屯河流域4个天山云杉采点的树轮样本,研制样条函数不同步长的树轮宽度标准化年表,分析样条函数不同步长对树轮宽度标准化年表与气候的相关性的影响发现:①随着样条函数步长的增加,位于森林中下部林缘的庙尔沟煤矿和三屯河的树轮宽度标准化年表与小渠子气象站上年7月至当年6月的降水量的相关系数曲线均呈现出先增后减小的变化形式,但在局部有差异,最佳步长分别为40 a和30 a。②随着样条函数步长的增加,处于森林上限的东南沟和小渠子的树轮宽度标准化年表与大西沟气象站当年2-3月的月平均气温的相关系数的曲线都呈现光滑的先升后平的对数曲线型,最终确定220 a、185 a分别作为东南沟和小渠子树轮宽度标准化年表的样条函数步长。③通过分析发现最佳的样条函数步长比传统方法给定的样条函数步长和按树轮宽度序列公共区间长度的1/2的样条函数步长所含的气候信息多。     

基岩露头采样密度对黄土古地形重建的影响

下伏古地形对黄土地貌的形成、演化与发育具有重要的控制作用。基于下伏地层露头的采样数据,通过空间插值方法进行古地形数字模型(DEM)重建是研究黄土地貌的重要方法。其中,采样点密度是下伏地形DEM重建精度的主要影响因子。本文以1:20万绥德幅地质图所涉及区域为实验样区,研究采样点密度及样条函数方法对下伏古地形重建精度的影响。实验结果表明,在高密度样本条件下,采用规则样条插值方法进行古地形重建时,插值结果呈现显著的“龙格现象”,即多项式插值结果出现剧烈波动现象,且随着样本密度增加,样条插值结果的误差呈逐步趋缓的降低趋势,并逐步趋于稳定。同时,基于古地形DEM提取的特征点,其局部最高点和局部最低点的数目呈直线上升趋势,说明在一定程度上基于有限数据采用样条函数进行地下三维建模并不一定能获得平滑曲面。研究结果对如何选择合理的空间采样密度进行古地形DEM重建具有重要的指导意义。