鄱阳湖砂山地区风沙化过程中物种多样性的变化

对鄱阳湖砂山地区土地风沙化过程中物种多样性的变化特征进行了分析,依据植物种在各类型风沙化土地的出现频率与不同风沙化阶段各生活型植物种的组成,探讨了风沙化过程中植物种绝灭与定居特点。物种多样性指数分析表明:风沙化过程是物种多样性衰减的过程,风沙化首先导致特有种的灭绝,其次为稀有种。从植物的生活型来看,多年生草本与乔木类植物受风沙化影响最大,而灌木类植物可存活风沙化过程各个阶段,在风沙化过程中植物种的绝灭速率大于定居速率。     

Multi‐species diffusion analysis in porous media under various dry density and temperature conditions: molecular dynamics simulation,homogenization analysis,and finite element method

In porous media, chemical species that dissolve in pore water can be transported via diffusion mechanisms or advective fluxes, close to or far away from where precipitation occurs. In the case of a high‐level radioactive waste disposal system, compacted bentonite is used in a buffer material in an engineering barrier system to minimize the amount of specific nuclides that breach into the surrounding host rock. To minimize breaching, it is very important to understand the transport mechanism of multiple chemical species in porous media. In the following research, we introduced FEM analysis methods using the results of the molecular dynamics simulation and homogenization analysis (MD/HA) method. First, the diffusion coefficients of ions (Cl^?, I^?, and Na⁺) in different water layers of Na‐beidellite were calculated using the MD/HA procedure under various dry density (1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 Mg/m³) and temperature (293, 323, and 363 K) conditions. Next, using FEM analysis that used the MD/HA results as input parameters, the diffusion behaviors of ions in porous media were calculated. The results indicate that the diffusion coefficients of the interlayer water in Na‐beidellite are different from the diffusion coefficients under dry density conditions. Further, the concentration profiles (C_t/C₀) of iodine and chloride are proportional to temperature but inversely proportional to dry density. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改进BCR法测定公路两旁表层土壤中铂钯铑的化学形态

铂、钯、铑是汽车催化转换器中的主要成分,在有效治理汽车尾气污染的同时,不断排放并在环境中累积增加,随着元素的迁移、转化及地下水的循环,可能成为一种新的环境污染问题.本文将改进的BCR顺序提取法应用于铂族元素形态分析,结合铂族元素的性质,将公路两旁表层土壤样品中Pt、Pd、Rh分为酸溶态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态四种形态.实验优化了原始的BCR浸取条件,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定Pt、Pd、Rh的各形态.各形态的精密度、检出限满足地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范的监控要求,各形态浸取量之和与样品各元素的总量之比(回收率)在95.3％ ～ 110.0％,说明方法具有较好的准确性和重现性.通过实际样品分析,公路两旁表层土壤样品中铂族元素非残渣态含量顺序为Pd (57.23％ ～ 58.03％)＞Rh (22.64％ ～25.80％) ＞Pt(17.91 ～20.57％),研究认为铂族元素进入生物圈的几率是Pd＞ Rh＞ Pt.     

废弃采石场生态环境治理植物种类选择

通过对废弃采石场以及裸岩山地自然植被的调查,结果表明,南京市废弃石宕及裸岩的植被主要有乔木树种20种,灌木树种30种,草本植物11种,层外植物6种。经过试验,废弃采石场绿化表现优良的乔木树种为马尾松、枫香、青冈、乌冈栎、山桐子、冬青、化香、木荷等,灌木树种为山矾、夹竹桃、栀子等,藤本植物为爬山虎、凌霄、常春油麻藤、葛藤、山荞麦等。绿化方法以筑巢法绿化、石壁藤本植物垂直绿化、自然恢复与人工促进相结合的绿化法,作为今后南京市石宕绿化的主要方法,在不同的石宕部位,采取不同的技术措施。     

五台山冰缘地貌植物群落多样性分析

采用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN),将五台山7个冰缘地貌的植物群落划分为13个群丛.不同冰缘地貌植物群落类型的组成多样性有明显差异,根据13个群丛在不同冰缘地貌的分布状况,可区分为共有性群丛和专有性群丛.运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对五台山7个冰缘地貌的综合群落多样性指数变化进行了分析,依据不同冰缘地貌植物群落综合多样性指数的大小排序,依次为冻融草丘石海石环冻融剥蚀面石河岩柱泥流坡坎和泥流舌.冰缘地貌的海拔、土层厚度、水分热量是影响植物群落植物种多样性指数变化的主要因素.     

The nature and extent of organisms in vessel sea-chests: A protected mechanism for marine bioinvasions

A total of 150 different organisms, including one plant species and 12 animal phyla were identified from sea-chests of 42 vessels visiting or operating in New Zealand between May 2000 and November 2004. Forty-nine percent of organisms were sessile, 42% mobile adults and the remaining 9% sedentary. Decapods were the most represented group with 19 species present among 79% of vessels. Forty percent of organisms were indigenous to New Zealand, 15% introduced, 10% non-indigenous, and 35% of unknown origin. Sea-chests have the potential to (1) transfer non-indigenous organisms between countries across oceanic boundaries; and (2) disperse both indigenous and introduced organisms domestically. The occurrence of adult mobile organisms is particularly significant and indicates that sea-chests may be of greater importance than ballast water or hull fouling for dispersing certain marine species. These findings emphasise the need to assess and manage biosecurity risks for entire vessels rather than different mechanisms (i.e., ballast water, hull fouling, sea-chests, etc.) in isolation.     

工程造价计价特点与方法研究

现行工程造价的计价方式,与市场竞争机制和价格调节机制存在许多不协调之处,诸如工程定额的结构、工程利润模式、工程取费方式、人工单价、机械台班单价的制定、材料价格信息的发布等方面尚有待改进。依据我国工程造价的特点,提出工程造价计价方式改革的基本思路应该是:在计价依据上,实现根本上的"量价分离";在管理方式上,实现控制"量",指导"价"、竞争"费",即统一工程计量,政府间接调控,市场形成价格,企业根据竞争原则依法结算;进而实现"四化",即工程量计算规则统一化,工程量计算方法标准化,工程造价的确定市场化,资源管理信息化。     

Spatiotemporal variations of internal P-loading and the related mechanisms in the large shallow Lake Chaohu

Spatiotemporal variations of P species and adsorption behavior in water column, interstitial water, and sediments were investigated in the large shallow eutrophic Lake Chaohu. Ortho-phosphate (Ortho-P) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were significantly higher in the western part than in the eastern part of the lake, due to different nutrient inputs from the surrounding rivers. Moreover, paniculate phosphorus (PP) concentration was in a similar spatial pattern to Ortho-P and TP concentrations, and also showed significantly positive correlation with the biomass of Microcystis, indicating more uptake and store of phosphorus by Microcystis than by other algae. Increase of pH and intensive utilization of P by phytoplankton were the main factors promoting P (especially Fe-P) release from the sediment to interstitial water during the cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Chaohu. Spatial dynamics in TP concentration, P species and adsorption behavior of the sediment, coupled with the statistical analyses, suggested that the spatial heterogeneity of P contents in the sediment was influenced by various factors, e.g. human activities, soil geochemistry and mineral composition. In spite of similar TP contents in the sediments, increase in proportion of Fe-P concentration in the sediment may result in a high risk of P release.     

Changes in amphipod (Crustacea) assemblages associated with shallow-water algal habitats invaded by Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea in the western Mediterranean Sea

The effects of the invasive species Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (hereafter C. racemosa) on amphipod assemblages associated with shallow-water rocky habitats were studied. Two habitats located along the SE Iberian Peninsula were compared; invaded and non-invaded. The results showed that growth of C. racemosa affects habitat structure, influencing the species composition and biomass of macroalgae, and detritus accumulation. In turn, such changes in habitat features affected the associated amphipod assemblages with different ecological requirements. However, the species richness of amphipods was relatively high in both habitats, while the species composition of amphipods changed completely. For example, some species such as Ampithoe ramondi and Hyale schmidti did not colonize invaded habitats, while others such as Apocorophium acutum were favoured by the spread of C. racemosa. Habitat invasion by C. racemosa can have an important influence on biotic assemblages, modifying both habitat structure and the associated fauna, with unknown effects on the overall ecosystem.     

东海黑潮区莹虾类的初步研究

1984年6月和1985年12月,对东海进行了首次黑潮实验性调查.整个调查区涉及到东海及东海黑潮区。作为综合调查项目其中之一的生物调查,在全调查区进行了取样:冬、夏两航次共采集浮游动物样品115份,经分析共鉴定出莹虾类4种。夏季(6月)出现中型莹虾 Luciferintermedius、正型莹虾 Lucifer typus、刷状莹虾 Lnckfer penicillifer、东方莹虾 Lucifer oriental-is;冬季(12月)出现中型莹虾 Lucifer intermedius、正型莹虾 Lucifer typus,可以明显地看出莹虾类的数量分布和种类分布与水温、营养盐、水团、流系等之间有密切的关系。并且莹虾类的数量分布与渔场的位置也有一定关系。据本次调查及资料分析,夏季可将中型莹虾作为东海混合水的指标种;正型莹虾可作为黑潮水的指标种;刷状莹虾可作为台湾暖流的指标种,为水文的调查提供较有价值的参考.