Microscale Simultaneous Measurement of Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes on Natural Diamond

Simultaneous analysis of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios by SIMS was applied for the first-time to a natural diamond from the Kelsey Lake kimberlite, State Line Distinct, Colorado (UWD-1). This in situ procedure is faster, reduces sample size for analysis, and measures both isotope ratios from a single ~ 10 μm diameter pit, a critical advantage for zoned diamonds. The carbon isotope ratio (expressed as δ¹³C_VPDB) of the bulk UWD-1 crystal, determined by the conventional combustion method in the present study, is -5.9‰ ± 0.2‰ (VPDB, 2s). Nitrogen mass fraction ([N]) and isotope ratio (expressed as δ¹⁵N_Air) were determined by stepwise combustion and gas-source mass-spectrometry, resulting in 553 ± 64 μg g^-1 and -6.7‰ ± 1.1‰ (Air, 2s), respectively. Secondary ions of ¹²C₂^-, ¹²C¹³C^-, ¹²C¹⁴N^-, and ¹²C¹⁵N^- were simultaneously measured by SIMS using three Faraday cups and one electron multiplier. The spot-to-spot reproducibility of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values for the UWD-1 (178 spots on sixteen chips, 10 μm spots), were 0.3‰ and 1.6‰, respectively (2s). While ¹²C¹⁴N^-/¹²C₂^- ratios, which are an indicator for [N], varied up to 12% among these sixteen chips, such variation did not correlate with either δ¹³C or δ¹⁵N values. We propose that UWD-1 is a suitable reference sample for microscale in situ analysis of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values in diamond samples.     

江苏地质灾害危险性区域评估与应用

为探究长江漫滩相软土的抗剪强度特征,采用静三轴仪对南京长江漫滩相原状软土进行一系列试验,探讨不同固结条件下漫滩相软土抗剪强度的变化规律。结果表明：当固结度在60%～100%时,增大初始有效围压可在一定程度上提高抗剪强度;在相同围压下,抗剪强度随固结度的增加均规律性增大。以完全固结时的抗剪强度值τf,100%为参考,给出不同固结度下τf对应的折减系数,同时分别给出内摩擦角和黏聚力随固结度的变化关系,为长江漫滩区建设工程地基设计与施工提供参考依据。     

ISO2394:2015 Annex D (Reliability of Geotechnical Structures)

ISO2394:2015 contains a new informative Annex D on “Reliability of Geotechnical Structures”. The emphasis in Annex D is to identify and characterize critical elements of the geotechnical reliability-based design process, while respecting the diversity of geotechnical engineering practice. This paper highlights the main features of Annex D and gaps for future work.     

Effects of land-use changes on organic carbon in bulk soil and associated physical fractions in China's Horqin Sandy Grassland

The Horqin Sandy Grassland is one of the most seriously desertified areas in China's agro-pastoral ecotone due to its fragile ecology, combined with improper and unsustainable land management. We inves...     

On the role of the planetary boundary layer in cyclogenesis over the ocean: Research note

Abstract

The importance of boundary‐layer convergence of mass and water vapour on the pressure tendency is studied. Mass convergence tends to fill the low while moisture convergence deepens it, owing to the subsequent release of latent heat. It is estimated that at dew points above about 18°C, the moisture convergence effect becomes dominant; that is, the C1SK mechanism is important at high dew points.     

Preliminary Calibration of GPS Signals and Its Effects on Soil Moisture Estimation

In recent years, Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is developed to estimate soil moisture content (SMC) as a new remote sensing tool. Signal error of Global Positioning System (GPS) bistatic radar is an important factor that affects the accuracy of SMC estimation. In this paper, two methods of GPS signal calibration involving both the direct and reflected signals are introduced, and a detailed explanation of the theoretical basis for such methods is given. An improved SMC estimation model utilizing calibrated GPS L-band signals is proposed, and the estimation accuracy is validated using the airborne GPS data from the Soil Moisture Experiment in 2002 (SMEX02). We choose 21 sites with soybean and corn in the Walnut Creek region of the US for validation. The sites are divided into three categories according to their vegetation cover: bare soil, mid-vegetation cover (Mid-Veg), and high-vegetation cover (High-Veg). The accuracy of SMC estimation is 11.17% for bare soil and 8.12% for Mid-Veg sites, much better than that of the traditional model. For High-Veg sites, the effect of signal attenuation due to vegetation cover is preliminarily taken into consideration and a linear model related to Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) is adopted to obtain a factor for rectifying the "over-calibration", and the error for High-Veg sites is finally reduced to 3.81%.     

不同前期固结压力下粉砂类滑带土抗剪强度环剪试验研究

滑带土残余强度的确定对于复活型滑坡稳定性及滑坡运动分析极其重要。黏性土滑带土环剪试验研究成果较多,但对于粉砂类滑带土这种特性不规则的土体则研究较少,粉砂类土常表现出复杂的剪切特性。本文利用环形剪切仪对粉砂类滑带土在不同前期固结压力下的抗剪强度特性进行试验研究,研究不同超固结比对粉砂类滑带土抗剪强度特性的影响,尤其是前期固结压力对滑带土残余强度的影响。试验结果表明：通过对滑带土分别施加600、500、400kPa的前期固结压力,并与正常固结的样品对比研究,发现在相同正应力（50、100、200kPa）下剪切,前期固结压力对粉砂类滑带土峰值强度影响明显,峰值强度随着超固结比呈现线性增加;不同应力历史对粉砂类滑带土的残余强度影响并不显著,其残余强度与超固结比无关。     

粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法分析富硒土壤样品中的硒及主次量元素

目前土壤中Se主要采用原子荧光光谱法测定,存在用酸量大、前处理相对复杂等缺点,对于高含量Se的测定则需要高倍稀释,无疑会扩大分析误差。本文采用粉末压片波谱-能谱复合X射线荧光光谱法测定湖北富硒土壤样品中的Se等17个主次量元素,波谱分析10个元素的同时,能谱分析As、Cu、Rb、Sr、Zr、Ba、Ni等7个元素,大幅节省了测定时间。通过将不同国家标准物质按比例混合的方式配置混合标准样品,解决了现有Se标准物质在5~72μg/g含量范围不足的问题。对于高含量Se的测定,通过谱图分析,波谱数据优于能谱数据,对其精密度、准确度考核,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于10%,高含量Se样品的RSD小于0.70%,能够满足Se含量大于3.00μg/g土壤样品的定量分析要求,同时可提供16个主次量元素的定量或近似定量分析结果。     

阿波罗月壤样品(E21)岩石学研究及溯源

中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所博物馆珍藏了一份阿波罗月壤样品（编号E21）,但具体来自哪一次任务返回样品并不清楚。为了对该样品进行溯源,本文开展了初步的岩石学研究。结果显示,该样品由玄武岩岩屑、角砾岩屑和玻璃珠组成,其中玄武岩岩屑的矿物组成、结构和成分与月海玄武岩高度相似,且钛铁矿含量（平均~14.8vol%）、全岩（平均~10.5% TiO₂）以及富Mg橄榄石的Ti含量（平均Ti~1000×10^-6）均显示为典型的高Ti玄武岩特征。结合较低的高地物质比例,以及部分玄武岩K₂O含量偏高的特点,可以推断E21号月壤来自阿波罗11任务返回样品。此次研究还发现两颗来自高地镁质岩套岩屑,全岩和矿物化学成分指示其为苏长岩。玄武岩岩屑的橄榄石微量元素特征表明,高Ti玄武岩的母岩浆具有较低的Ni、Cr和P含量,这一特征可能反映其源区物质相对亏损这些元素,或在形成过程中有低Ni、Cr组分混入。E21月壤对探究月球早期演化历史以及嫦娥五号月壤研究均有重要意义。

     

豫西成矿带潭头盆地金矿区农田土壤重金属污染及来源解析

为查明豫西成矿带潭头盆地金矿区农田土壤重金属污染特征及污染来源,在该盆地农田中系统采集土壤样品,分析土壤中的重金属含量,采用聚类分析和主成分分析/绝对主成分分数(PCA/APCS)受体模型对污染源进行解析并计算污染源贡献率。结果显示:研究区农田土壤重金属Hg、As、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd含量平均值均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,整体土壤污染风险较低,仅部分样品Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd含量超过风险筛选值;Pb、Zn和Cd主要呈区域性污染,其他重金属元素主要呈孤立点状污染。Hg、Cd、Pb变异系数达到强变异水平,表明潭头盆地农田土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb元素受人类活动干扰比较强烈。综合聚类分析、主成分分析及空间分布特征,8种重金属主要来源于4类污染源:Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd污染来源于交通源(PC1);Cr和Ni污染来源于自然源(PC2);As污染来源于与金矿开采和尾矿堆存相关的矿业源(PC3);Hg污染来源于与小作坊汞溶解炼金相关的矿业源(PC4)。