黑龙江省耕地非农化的空间格局与重心曲线分析

为了揭示耕地非农化的空间格局与重心曲线,为耕地资源保护和利用政策制定提供决策支撑,该文以黑龙江省1980、1990、2000、2010、2015年土地利用数据为基础,运用GIS空间分析方法,引入重心模型分析黑龙江省耕地非农化的空间格局及重心曲线。研究结果表明:1980—2015年黑龙江省耕地非农化发展不平衡,4个时期耕地非农化面积呈波动增长的趋势;耕地非农化等级空间分布特征明显,等级较高的城市集中分布在西部地区;耕地非农化速度等级的重心曲线在空间分布上,具有从中心向边缘延伸的特点;耕地非农化围绕中心地区进行,其空间扩散路径在图形上呈现出一个回旋状。     

经济空间场与ESDA结合的公共卫生事件应急策略制定

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情引起了人们对国家公共卫生事件应对能力的广泛关注。基于波及效应梯度场提出了生产诱发梯度,进一步完善了经济空间场理论,并将其与探索性空间数据分析(exploratory spatial data analysis,ESDA)相结合,对医药制造业波及效应及空间布局进行了研究,制定了有效的公共卫生事件应急策略。经济空间场理论分析结果揭示了产业经济空间中医药制造业与各产业部门之间的波及效应,并由此得到了医药密切相关产业。同时,经济空间场理论与ESDA方法的结合能在区分中国大陆各省空间聚集类型的基础上,评估各省公共卫生事件的应对能力,从而为各省提出相应的应急策略和医药制造业发展建议。该方法综合考虑了产业波及效应和产业空间布局现状,不仅能够促进各省医药制造业的健康合理发展,也有助于增强各省突发公共卫生事件的应对能力。     

基于珞珈一号与DMSP/OLS数据的辽宁省城市空间扩张分析

基于珞珈一号和DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,提取辽宁省城市空间用地信息并监测分析了2003—2018年城市空间扩张特征。结果表明:1)利用辽宁省DMSP/OLS长时间序列夜间灯光数据提出了一种适合校正长时间序列DMSP/OLS数据的校正方法,提高了数据的连续性和可对比性;2)弥补了统计数据在空间属性的不足,消除了过去单纯依靠统计数据分析城市空间扩张的弊端,为其他省市分析城市扩张提供新的遥感监测分析方法;3)在2003—2018年间,辽宁省城市空间扩张存在城市空间扩张与南方省份相比发展比较缓慢及协调性欠佳等问题。     

地形因子与小微地震相关度的空间异质性分析

针对传统最小二乘回归未能顾及数据的空间特性,且无法度量模型自变量与因变量相关性的空间变异特性的问题,本文提出利用地理加权回归方法分析小微地震频次与地形因子相关度的空间异质性。以四川地区的地震监测资料、DEM为实验数据,选取地形复杂度、坡度变率、坡向变率和地面曲率为自变量,地震发生频次为因变量,构建地理加权回归模型,并进行回归系数的空间变异分析。实验分析发现,地震频次与地形因子具有一定的相关性:地形复杂度与地震频次相关性最强;坡度变率、沟壑密度、剖面曲率与地震频次的相关性依次减弱;不同空间位置的地形因子和地震频次的相关性具有较明显的空间异质性。实验结果表明,地理加权回归可以有效地度量分析地震频次与地形因子相关度的空间异质性,研究结果可为地震及次生灾害的分析与预报提供辅助决策参考。     

洛阳地区太阳能资源分析与评估

根据1981—2010年郑州辐射站太阳辐射和日照资料、洛阳地区9个气象观测站日照资料,采用气候学计算、线性趋势分析等方法和资源丰富程度、利用价值、稳定程度等指标,对洛阳地区太阳能资源进行了计算、分析和评估。结果表明:洛阳地区多年平均总辐射为4842.4MJ·m-2·a-1,总体呈显著减少趋势,减少速率为每年1.4MJ·m-2。夏季辐射丰富,冬季偏少,夏季总辐射量是冬季的2倍;月平均总辐射5月最多(569.7MJ·m-2),12月最少(241.9MJ·m-2);年总辐射孟津最高,为4922.8MJ·m-2·a-1,宜阳最少,为4681.1MJ·m-2·a-1。多年平均日照时数为2064.7h,总体呈显著减少趋势。春季日照时数多,冬季少,春季日照时数比冬季多33.37%;月平均日照时数5月最多(217.3h),2月最少(138.2h);年日照时数孟津最多(2144.9h),宜阳最少(1909.2h)。洛阳各地属太阳能资源丰富区,利用价值较高,各月日照时数6h的天数为9.8~18.1天,全年为162.7~185.3天;太阳能资源也比较稳定,月最大日照时数12月6h的天数为16.9天,是月最小日照时数7月的1.48倍,12月至次年1月不利于太阳能利用。     

低涡和副热带高压共同影响下的暴雨落区分析

应用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,分析低涡和副热带高压共同影响下的暴雨过程,发现暴雨落区并不与低涡位置及路径一致,因而不能简单的按其位置和路径预报暴雨落区,应着眼于暴雨发生的物理机理,注意分析影响系统的空间结构、发展阶段和地面形势的演变特征。在有锋面系统影响时,初始对流往往由锋面触发,因此,暴雨的第一落区在锋面附近。冷锋触发的暖区暴雨随后出现,不需强的动力辐合条件,可能远离低涡中心,而是位于副热带高压边缘的高温湿舌内。另外,应密切关注周边初生的对流云团及其移入时造成的暴雨。     

长江中游城市群空间结构的多分形特征

在城市群越来越演化为多尺度、多区域复杂系统背景下,有必要引入多分形理论与方法研究其空间结构。本文基于2018年NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据,计算长江中游城市群整体及其局部的多分维谱,根据谱线分析不同尺度下长江中游城市空间结构的多分形特征。结果显示：① 长江中游城市群夜间灯光容量维在整体和局部都出现双标度现象。② q < -5.5时,整体广义关联维谱线突破理论上限2,在q > 0时,武汉城市圈和环长株潭城市群的分维显著较高。③ 整体的局部分维谱和武汉城市圈、环长株潭城市群、环鄱阳湖城市群、宜荆荆城市群局部分维谱表现为单峰偏右。根据上述结果,得到和验证了以下结论：① 长江中游城市群区域一体化程度较低。② 长江中游城市群不同层级和区域的空间结构差异显著,呈现出多尺度复杂特征。③ 长江中游城市群在不同尺度中均倾向于中心集聚式发展。研究揭示多分形模型能够从尺度依赖视角有效揭示巨型城市群空间结构的复杂性及其背后的问题,具有很好的理论探索和实践分析前景。     

Using SPOT 5 fusion-ready imagery to detect Chinese tamarisk (saltcedar) with mathematical morphological method

Chinese tamarisk (saltcedar) is a deciduous shrub that occurs widely across the Yellow River Delta in China. The spatial structure of Chinese tamarisk is believed to have an influence on the landscape and habitats of rare birds. In this study, first, Chinese tamarisk is detected using Canny edge detector and mathematical morphological operators based on SPOT 5 fusion-ready imagery. Then the numbers, areas, locations, and patch spacing of Chinese tamarisk patches are calculated. The experiments show that the detection accuracy of Chinese tamarisk patches is about 93.4% after the disconnection of connected patches. The distribution orientation of about 70% of the patches is approximately south–north. About 91% of the minimum distances among the patches are between 12.5 and 57.5 m. The rose graph indicates that the main azimuth between patches is north–northwest, and the second is northeast and southeast. The present study indicates that the integrating Canny edge detector with the algorithms for extracting circular and elliptical objects based on mathematical morphology is simple and effective for detecting Chinese tamarisk patches and is easy to identify the spatial structure of Chinese tamarisk patches, which reduces the time and labor for the visual interpretation of Chinese tamarisk patches.     

Risks of shifting baselines highlighted by anecdotal accounts of New Zealand's snapper (Pagrus auratus) fishery

Anecdotal data sources may constitute an important component of the information available about an exploited species, as record keeping may not have occurred until after exploitation began. Here, we aimed to fill any gaps in the exploitative history of the sparid snapper (Pagrus auratus), using social and historical research methods. Social research consisted of interviews with recreational fishers, focusing on the most and largest snapper they had caught. In addition, the diary‐logs of two recreational fishers were analysed. Historical research consisted of investigation of old books, photos, archives and unpublished sources unconventional to fishery science. Interviews with fishers demonstrated no or weak trends in snapper abundance or size, and were likely impeded by a lack of ability to detect change in a fish stock that may still be considered abundant. The fishers’ perception of change, however, largely reflected recent experiences (last c. 10 years), when biomass is understood to have increased, and mostly did not consider experiences before the 1980s. Alternatively, diary‐logs of fisher catch rates produced a pattern that matched formal stock assessments of snapper biomass, suggesting declines in abundance up until the 1990s and an increase in biomass after that time. Historical research, although more qualitative, had the ability to investigate periods where formal records were not kept and described a fishery vastly different from the current one. Snapper were easily caught, in great abundance and in unusual locations. Localised depletion of snapper was first noticed in the early 20th century, despite spectacular catches of snapper occurring after that time. Snapper behaviour was also likely different, with visual sightings of snapper by onlookers a common occurrence. Although predictions from stock assessment models are consistent with that of the anecdotes listed here (i.e., high biomass in the past), these anecdotes are valuable as they explain lost biomass in a perspective meaningful to all. This perspective may be valuable for managers trying to consider the non‐financial value of a shared fishery but, if unrecognised, represents a shifting baseline.     

起伏地形下重庆市水汽压的空间分布

利用重庆市1∶25万电子地图和100m×100m分辨率的DEM资料,建立了基于常规气象观测资料的实际起伏地形下重庆市水汽压空间分布模型,计算了重庆市各月月平均和年平均水汽压的空间分布,并完成其制图同时详细分析了重庆市实际地形下水汽压的空间分布。分析表明:随着海拔高度的增加,水汽压逐渐减小;各月水汽压的最小值出现在东北山区;重庆市水汽压的季节变化很明显。