县域经济发展水平评价及时空格局演变——以河北省为例

针对河北省县域经济发展特点和时空变化规律的问题,该文将GIS技术与定量分析方法相结合,选取2000年和2010年的15个能够反映河北省县域经济发展状况的指标,采用熵值法系统地测算了河北省136个县的经济发展水平,并利用空间自相关分析法分析了河北省县域经济发展空间格局的演变特征。研究结果表明:河北省县域经济发展依然存在明显的南北差异,并已形成"一线+两点"的经济空间格局;2000—2010年,Moran指数不断下降,高-高集聚区和低-低集聚区的县域数量与土地面积不断减少,河北省县域经济集聚效应减弱,经济发展渐趋均衡。     

面向旅游规划的空间信息服务工作流构建

针对现有工作对规划支持不足的问题,该文通过集成空间信息服务、语义网络、Web服务发现与组合等技术,探索并建立了一套完整、有效,能充分提供旅游规划决策支持的空间信息服务工作流构建方法。阐述了面向旅游规划的空间信息服务工作流构建的关键技术,包括基于旅游规划本体库的空间信息服务发现方法,旅游规划语义驱动的空间信息服务组合算法,以及可靠的空间信息服务工作流过程调用机制。在此基础上开展实证研究,实现面向旅游规划的空间信息服务工作流原型系统,并对工作流构建关键方法的可行性进行了验证。     

兰州市降雨型黄土滑坡灾害空间分布特征

针对兰州市1986—2016年间降雨型滑坡灾害的空间分布特征,该文基于ArcGIS,利用核密度估算方法分析滑坡点,通过多次测试比较确定了估算的最优距离阈值,得到概化程度高、数值变化平滑的栅格密度,并结合研究区内高程、坡度以及地质环境揭示了降雨型黄土滑坡灾害的空间分布特征。研究表明:滑坡点沿着黄河及其支流沿岸分布,密集程度有"两高两低"分布特点,高程、坡度与滑坡多发存在相关性,城关区滑坡点最多且呈环状分布,西固区次之,其他区较少。     

Estimation of transit trip production using Factorial Kriging with External Drift: an aggregated data case study

Studies in transportation planning routinely use data in which location attributes are an important source of information. Thus, using spatial attributes in urban travel forecasting models seems reasonable. The main objective of this paper is to estimate transit trip production using Factorial Kriging with External Drift (FKED) through an aggregated data case study of Traffic Analysis Zones in São Paulo city, Brazil. The method consists of a sequential application of Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Kriging with External Drift (KED). The traditional Linear Regression (LR) model was adopted with the aim of validating the proposed method. The results show that PCA summarizes and combines 23 socioeconomic variables using 4 components. The first component is introduced in KED, as secondary information, to estimate transit trip production by public transport in geographic coordinates where there is no prior knowledge of the values. Cross-validation for the FKED model presented high values of the correlation coefficient between estimated and observed values. Moreover, low error values were observed. The accuracy of the LR model was similar to FKED. However, the proposed method is able to map the transit trip production in several geographical coordinates of non-sampled values.     

An open source GIS‐based Planning Support System: Application to the land use plan of La Troncal,Ecuador

Planning Support Systems (PSS) comprise a wide variety of geo‐technological tools related to GIS and spatial modeling aimed at addressing land planning processes. This article describes the OpenRules system, a PSS based on a previous system called RULES. Among OpenRules new features are its architecture, based exclusively on free and open source software, and its applicability to all land use types, including rural and urban uses. In addition, OpenRules incorporates an unlimited number of land evaluation factors and a new objective in land use spatial allocation. OpenRules has been programmed in Java and implemented as a module of the free GIS software gvSIG, with full integration between the GIS and the decision support tools. Decision support tools include multicriteria evaluation, multiobjective linear programming and heuristic techniques, which support three basic stages of land use planning processes, namely land suitability evaluation, land use area optimization and land use spatial allocation. The application of OpenRules to the region of La Troncal, Ecuador, demonstrates its capability to generate alternative and coherent solutions through a scientific and justified procedure at low cost in terms of time and resources.     

A hybrid approach to modeling territorial control in violent armed conflicts

Territorial control is central to the understanding of violent armed conflicts, yet reliable and valid measures of this concept do not exist. We argue that geospatial analysis provides an important perspective to measure the concept. In particular, measuring territorial control can be seen as an application of calculating service areas around points of control. The modeling challenge is acute for areas with limited road infrastructure, where no complete network is available to perform the analysis, and movements largely occur off road. We present a new geospatial approach that applies network analysis on a hybrid transportation network with both actual road data and hexagon‐fishnet‐based artificial road data representing on‐road and off‐road movements, respectively. Movement speed or restriction can be readily adjusted using various input data. Simulating off‐road movement with hexagon‐fishnet‐based artificial road data has a number of advantages including scalability to small or large study areas and flexibility to allow all‐directional travel. We apply this method to measuring territorial control of armed groups in Sub‐Saharan Africa where inferior transport infrastructure is the norm. Based on the Uppsala Conflict Data Program's (UCDP) Georeferenced Event Data (GED) as well as spatial data on terrain, population locations, and limited transportation networks, we enhance the delineation of the specific areas directly controlled by each warring party during civil wars within a given travel time.     

Forest fragmentation in Massachusetts,USA: a town-level assessment using Morphological spatial pattern analysis and affinity propagation

Forest fragmentation has been studied extensively with respect to biodiversity loss, disruption of ecosystem services, and edge effects although the relationship between forest fragmentation and human activities is still not well understood. We classified the pattern of forests in Massachusetts using fragmentation indicators to address these objectives: 1) characterize the spatial pattern of forest fragmentation in Massachusetts towns using Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA); and (2) identify regional trends using archetypal towns in relation to town history, geography and socioeconomic characteristics. Six fragmentation indicators were calculated using MSPA for each town to represent patterns and processes of fragmentation. We then used these indicators and the proportion of forested land to group towns across Massachusetts with similar patterns of fragmentation. Six representative towns typify different types of forest fragmentation, and illustrate the commonalities and differences between different fragmentation types. The objective selection of representative towns suggests that they might be used as the target of future studies, both in retrospective studies that seek to explain current patterns and in analyses that predict future fragmentation trends.     

Approach to calculating spatial similarity degrees of the same river basin networks on multi-scale maps

Obtaining spatial similarity degrees among the same objects on multi-scale maps is of importance in map generalization. This paper firstly defines the concepts of ‘map scale change’ and ‘spatial similarity degree’; then it proposes a model for calculating the spatial similarity degree between a river basin network at one scale and its generalized version at another scale. After this, it validates the new model and gets 16 points in the model validation process. The x-coordinate and y-coordinate of each point are map scale change and spatial similarity degree, respectively. Last, a formula for calculating spatial similarity degree taking map scale change as the only variable is obtained by the curve fitting method. The formula along with the model can be used to automate the algorithms for simplifying river basin networks.     

中国北方三流域河流—沙漠过渡带地表沉积物化学元素空间差异分析

通过对克里雅河、毛布拉格孔兑以及西拉木伦河三流域的河流-沙漠过渡带地表沉积物的7种常量氧化物以及15种微量元素进行因子分析,结果显示:三个流域之间或不同河段因子分析提取的公因子均可以概括为较稳定的铁锰矿物、较不稳定的长石类和方解石（白云石）类等硅酸盐矿物以及稳定的稀土元素和重矿物等类别;河流间因子分析结果表明,自西向东三个流域沿河地表沉积物的化学元素富集与迁移程度呈递增趋势,化学风化程度增强;流域内因子分析结果表明,自上游至下游,样点化学组成均愈变复杂,不同河段或不同河岸沉积物化学元素空间分布规律与其物源、地貌格局以及水分条件等因素有关;自河床至阶地,不同地貌单元地表沉积物化学元素呈相异的递变规律,这与在距离河道远近不同,物源、动力因素的分配不同有关。     

姚家岭锌金多金属矿床围岩蚀变三维空间定量分析研究

姚家岭锌金多金属矿床是近年来在长江中下游成矿带铜陵矿集区新发现的大型多金属矿床。姚家岭锌金多金属矿床的成矿作用具有多阶段性的特点,矿床范围内围岩蚀变强烈,蚀变类型复杂多样。三维地质信息技术及三维空间分析方法为定量化分析围岩蚀变的空间分布以及与矿化之间的相关关系提供了有利工具。本文基于上述方法,有效地对姚家岭锌金多金属矿床的围岩蚀变的分带性及其与不同矿化之间的关联性行了定量分析。较之于传统研究方法,不仅能快速地对蚀变与矿化的分布特征进行分析,还能从定量的角度获取不同信息之间的规律性和相关性。本文采用的相关方法不但有助于更准确的判定蚀变分带及规律,还可为矿床的成矿模式及找矿模型的建立提供定量化的数据支持。