Provenance of the Ordovician–lower Silurian Tumblagooda Sandstone,Western Australia

Detrital zircon U–Pb ages and heavy mineral assemblages provide conflicting evidence of the provenance of the Ordovician–lower Silurian Tumblagooda Sandstone, a fluvial to shallow marine, red-bed succession over 2000 m thick, within the northern Perth and Southern Carnarvon basins in Western Australia. Tourmaline composition indicates a main provenance from interior continental terranes dominated by ‘Li-poor granitoids, pegmatites and aplites’ and ‘Ca-poor metapelites, metapsammites and quartz-tourmaline rocks,’ akin to the Yilgarn Craton to the east of outcrop of the Tumblagooda Sandstone. Other possible source areas include orogens mostly to the south but lack tourmaline analyses for comparison. Taking into account the lack of garnets—a conspicuous component of the adjacent Proterozoic Northampton Inlier—the limited zircon data are compatible with the Albany–Fraser and Pinjarra orogens along the southern and western margins of Australia and/or terranes in or adjacent to East Africa and/or Antarctica, as ultimate source regions with a minor contribution from the Yilgarn Craton, as with other Phanerozoic strata in Western Australia. Whereas the textural and mineralogical maturity of the sandstone could be explained by derivation from such regions, it is more likely that the source was relatively local and that the sediment passed through several phases of reworking. The main source of ilmenite and hematite, by comparison, may have been mafic–ultramafic rocks and/or banded iron formations within the Archean Yilgarn Craton to the east or the Pilbara Craton to the northeast, mobilised by acidic meteoric waters. Iron oxides forming the earliest cements may have been derived from the oxidation of detrital hematite and ilmenite grains concentrated along some bedding laminae or transported in solution from beyond the zone of deposition. Whereas the detrital iron oxides most likely come from the craton to the east of outcrop of the Tumblagooda Sandstone, the sand grains appear to have originally come from a relatively local orogenic source.     

Near‐isochemical evolution of clay mineral assemblages in differentially buried volcaniclastic sediments,the Late Miocene Upper Red Formation,Iran

The Upper Red Formation (URF) comprises over 1–5 km of late Miocene siliciclastic sediments in the Central Iran Basin. The formation is dominated by volcaniclastic conglomerates and arenites. The prevailing arid conditions during most of the basin's history resulted in deposition of predominantly organic‐poor, red sediments with gypsum and zeolites. This investigation concentrates on the mineralogy and geochemistry of the URF in the southern and northern margins of the basin where the formation was buried to depths of 2.4 and 6.6 km, respectively. Fine fraction mineral separates from the southern margin consist of nearly pure smectite and zeolites at a depth of 400 m and smectite with minor quartz and calcite at 1800 m. Shallow samples (1350 m) from the northern section are rich in smectite, illite/smectite with some discrete illite and chlorite. This assemblage is progressively replaced by discrete illite and chlorite with increasing burial depth so that only these two minerals are found at depths greater than 4300 m. The initial alteration process involved replacement of glass and volcanic lithics by smectite and zeolites in both margins of the basin. Increased depth of burial in the northern margin resulted in the progressive isochemical alteration of smectite to discrete illite and chlorite. Diagenesis of clay assemblages occurred essentially in a closed system. Solute products of glass hydrolysis reactions were retained in highly alkaline, saline ground waters from which zeolites, carbonates and oxides precipitated as cements. It is unlikely that these sediments were ever significantly leached by meteoric waters or by organic acids generated during burial diagenesis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西北冰洋表层沉积物黏土矿物分布特征及物质来源

西北冰洋表层沉积物黏土矿物分析结果显示其黏土矿物组成的区域分布和变化具有明显的规律性:从楚科奇海到北冰洋深水区,随着水深的增加,蒙皂石和高岭石含量增高,绿泥石和伊利石含量降低。自西往东,伊利石结晶度值降低,化学指数升高。根据Q型聚类分析获得的黏土矿物组合特征,结合周缘陆地的地质背景、河流及洋流情况,对研究区进行了黏土矿物组合分区,讨论了其黏土矿物来源。楚科奇海表层沉积物黏土矿物组合在靠近阿拉斯加一侧海域以Ⅰ类为主,靠东西伯利亚海一侧主要有Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类,中部主要为Ⅵ类,主要是西伯利亚和阿拉斯加的火山岩、变质岩以及一些含高岭石的沉积物以及古土壤等,经风化、河流搬运入海,在北太平洋的3股洋流及西伯利亚沿岸流的作用下沉积形成的。西北冰洋深水区表层沉积物的黏土矿物组合以Ⅰ类和Ⅴ类为主,表明其沉积物来源为欧亚陆架和加拿大北极群岛周缘海域的海冰沉积和大西洋水体的搬运以及加拿大马更些河的河流物质输入。     

J油田低阻油层成因的微观机理

根据在J油田中收集到的X-射线薄片铸体资料、地层水分析资料、覆压校正孔渗分析资料、粒度分析资料、敏感性分析及试油资料等,对区域内的低电阻率油层微观机理进行了分析,认为J油田低电阻率油层的微观形成机理主要为黏土矿物及微孔隙裂缝发育作用,此外润湿性、粒度大小及地层水矿化度作用在研究区内对低阻油层的存在也有一定的影响。     

表生明矾石族矿物40Ar/39Ar年代学概述

近年来,激光40Ar/39Ar法成功测定了硫化物矿床氧化带中表生明矾石族矿物(明矾石和黄钾铁矾)的年龄,表明这类矿物适用于 40Ar/39Ar法定年。激光熔样方法引入40Ar/39Ar定年,不仅减少了样品的用量,同时也降低了系统的空白本底水平; 利用阶段加热法得到的年龄谱图,不仅可以有效识别原生矿物的混染和多世代矿物的存在,还可以检测样品中的过剩、继承Ar。虽然风化矿物定年还存在一些潜在的问题,但是只要有科学的采样和合理的分析流程,并结合其他检测手段,就可以获得有意义的风化年龄。这为研究新生代以来化学风化、氧化带形成时间和古气候提供了新的方法。     

西华山钨矿床共生透明矿物与不透明矿物中流体包裹体的对比研究

西华山钨矿床是一个产于燕山期花岗岩中的大脉型钨矿床。笔者利用红外显微镜、冷热台及其他相关设备对矿床中的透明矿物(石英、绿柱石和萤石)与不透明矿物(黑钨矿、黄铁矿)中的流体包裹体进行了对比研究。结果显示,共生透明矿物与不透明矿物之间,在包裹体均一温度等特征上既可基本相同又可出现很大差异。一般来说,黑钨矿能有效地保存原生流体包裹体(t_h=300～420℃;晶洞中为220～290℃),仅有少量次生包裹体(t_h=160～280℃),而与之共生的石英中原生包裹体则几乎被破坏殆尽,现在所见到的包裹体绝大多数是次生的或是在较晚结晶时捕获的(t_h=130～270℃)。只有未经后期应力作用和流体改造的晶洞水晶及与其共生的黑钨矿,二者获得的结果才相同或相似。绿柱石中通常有大量的次生包裹体和原生包裹体。黑钨矿与绿柱石中硅酸盐熔融包裹体的出现,表明西华山钨矿床的成矿作用始于岩浆-热液过渡阶段,其初始成矿流体是一种岩浆-热液过渡性流体,尔后才演变成单一的热水溶液。笔者认为,在进行金属矿床流体包裹体研究时,应强调共生透明矿物与不透明矿物的对比研究,在进行对比研究时,详尽的基础地质研究和包裹体岩相学观察必不可少;当单独利用透明矿物包裹体资料对金属矿床进行地质解释时,需慎之又慎。     

矿物晶体的缺陷

晶体具有极其规则的原子结构.然而,大多数晶体物质不是完整的,原子排列的规则图像被晶体缺陷所破坏.本文列举不同类型的缺陷:点缺陷(空位、间隙离子、置换离子、反位缺陷、拓扑缺陷、Schottky缺陷和Frenkel缺陷)、线缺陷(位错)、面缺陷(颗粒边界、小角晶界、反相畴和堆垛层错)和体缺陷(空洞和析出物).     

碳酸盐岩中碳酸盐矿物稀土元素分析方法进展

碳酸盐岩中测定碳酸盐矿物的稀土元素主要有酸溶-ICP-MS和LA-ICP-MS方法.酸溶-ICP-MS方法用盐酸、硝酸溶解碳酸盐矿物,但也能溶解部分非碳酸盐矿物,而影响分析结果;用醋酸溶样可避免非碳酸盐矿物的干扰,但可能没有溶样完全,同样影响分析结果.LA-ICP-MS是应用激光对碳酸盐矿物进行原位剥蚀,将蒸发物导入ICP-MS进行分析,对不合粘土等的碳酸盐矿物最有效,由于激光束光斑较大,且碳酸盐岩中普遍含有微小的粘土矿物,可能也存在不确定性.总体而言,酸溶-ICP-MS和LA-ICP-MS获得的稀土元素页岩标准化配分模式及主要参数相似,均可用于沉积环境的示踪.     

碳酸盐岩溶解-沉淀热力学模型及其在塔北地区的应用

 碳酸盐岩作为一种化学岩类其物性受成岩作用的影响十分明显,溶解作用是否发育直接关系到碳酸盐岩储层质量的好坏。碳酸盐矿物在埋藏环境中的溶解度与地层水的化学成分、环境的温度、pH等有着密切的关系。利用地层水化学资料,根据化学热力学的理论,通过方解石及白云石与地层水作用的平衡反应,计算吉布斯自由能变化ΔG,以此来判断方解石及白云石的溶解趋势,并建立了封闭系统中这两种矿物与水作用的热力学模型。根据这个理论模型,对塔北地区159口井奥陶系及6口井的寒武系地层水进行了ΔG的计算,结果显示,塔北地区碳酸盐岩与地层水反应的ΔG基本为负值,表明该地区总体处于碳酸盐岩溶解的环境,寒武系白云岩反应的自由能小于奥陶系灰岩,即在这种深埋条件下白云岩比灰岩更易溶解,这一点在实际岩芯资料上及前人的实验模拟中均有显示。塔北于奇地区自由能的计算结果也为负值,说明该地区强烈的充填作用并非发生在现今条件下,于奇地区现今的埋藏环境是有利于碳酸盐矿物溶解的,这一结论也在该地区奥陶系及寒武系岩芯上得到了验证。
      

成矿流体活动的同位素定年方法评述

直接测定热液矿物的同位纱年龄乃是地质学家多年的梦想,矿床研究的关键问题之一就是和相对于围岩的时间关系,如果对一个矿床成矿时代的认识发生了改变,则与成矿过程相联系的地质事件和环境条件也就发生了改变,与此相关的成矿规律也会随之改变,本文试图对成矿流体活动和直接精确定年这一领域的研究现状,各种同位素定年方法目前存在的主要问题,以及今后的发展趋势进行综合评述,文章首先集中介绍目前研究最高的Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线