长江口表层沉积物重矿物在不同粒级中的分布与研究意义

在粒度分析基础上,以0.5Φ为间距对长江口表层沉积物的不同粒级分样进行碎屑重矿物分析,并对各粒级重矿物特征与广粒级(1.5Φ～6Φ)进行相似度分析。结果表明,长江口沉积物粒度跨度大,从粗砂到泥(黏土)均有分布,粉砂含量高。样内不同粒级分样重矿物含量、种类和组合均有一定变化,样间表现出较一致的规律性。长江口出现碎屑重矿物30种左右,粗粒级分样中矿物种数为10余种,细粒级分样中重矿物种类增至20多种;3.5Φ～4.5Φ是重矿物种类多、矿物成分复杂的粒级区段。粗粒级(粒径大于3Φ)云母族富集,其重矿物组合为云母+角闪石,随粒级变细(粒径小于4Φ)云母急剧减少;闪石族分布粒级广泛,在3Φ～5Φ粒级含量相对较高;帘石族、稳定矿物尤其是金属矿物在粒径小于3.5Φ粒级逐渐增多。长江口重矿物整体组合为普通角闪石+绿帘石+褐铁矿,榍石为特征矿物。相似度分析表明,长江口沉积物样品中主要粒级与广粒级重矿物特征相近,能代表沉积物整体重矿物特征。长江口碎屑重矿物特征深受粒度分布的影响,其矿物种类、矿物组合和矿物指数及其所蕴含的水动力和物源意义都要结合粒度特征来综合分析。     

废黄河口门外砂质海滩粒度和重矿物特征及其成因机理分析

为研究黄河南流变迁过程中物质沉积分异作用下的产物,进而追踪废黄河沉积物在江苏沿海以及南黄海的运移状况,测量废黄河口门外砂质海滩沉积物粒级组成及特征参数,分析各样品重矿物含量及种类特征;结合与废黄河陆上沉积物的对比,探讨在不同沉积分异作用下重矿物沉积特征。结果表明:砂质海滩沉积物平均粒度Φ为2.67(0.16mm),分选较好,为微负偏,具有海滩砂粒度特征;陆域样沉积物粒度跨度大,以粉砂组分为主,为河流沉积特征。另外,对海滩砂样进行广粒级重矿物(Φ为1～6)分析,重矿物含量在极细砂和粗粉砂粒级中最高,不同粒级形成不同的矿物组合,砂粒级重矿物组合为黑云母+普通角闪石+褐铁矿,粉砂粒级则为钛铁矿+石榴子石+普通角闪石;砂质海滩样品广粒级重矿物质量分数为3.66%,其中Φ为3～4 (0.125～0.063 mm)的粒级重矿物质量分数高达15.66%,比重大且稳定性较高的矿物在此粒级中富集,表明海滩重矿物分选强烈。     

Sediments in the estuarine environment of the tigris/euphrates delta; Iraq; Arabian Gulf

Studies on surface water characters of the estuarine environment of Iraq, northwestern Arabian Gulf, define three subdivisions of salinity: oligohaline, polyhaline, and euhaline. Textural analysis reveals that surface sediments covering the bottom are composed of six distinct classes: silty clay, clayey silt, sand-silt-clays, clayey sand, silty sand and sand. Five physiographic subdivisions are identified and described fluvial-estuarine, tidal mud flats (subtidal flat, lower intertidal flat, upper intertidal flat, supratidal flat), sand bars, Abdallah-Shetana channel and submerged estuarine distributary channel and bar systems. The content of organic matter in the sediments ranges from 0.24-3.69 per cent by weight. High values were recorded from the Abdallah-Shetana channel while lower values are confined to sand bars and submerged estuarine distributary channel and bar systems. Carbonates, quartz, feldspar, and halite are the main mineral constituents of the non-clay grade sediments; carbonates are present mainly as low-magnesium calcite followed by dolomite and high-magnesium calcite. Aragonite is present only in trace amounts. Both detrital and biogenic sources are suggested for low-magnesium calcite. A detrital source for dolomite and a biogenic source for high-magnesium calcite and aragonite are proposed.     

Mineral composition and particle size distribution of river sediment and loess in the middle and lower Yellow River

Hyperconcentrated flows often occur in the middle and lower Yellow River(MLYR)and its tributaries,within which the main sediment source originates from the Loess Plateau of China due to serious water erosion.Little is known about the properties of river sediment that is transported by hyperconcentrated flows,particularly with respect to the mineral composition and size distribution.Samples of sediment and loess were collected in the northern,middle,and southern Loess Plateau and the mainstream and tributaries of the MLYR.A total of 18 loess samples and 24 river sediment samples were analyzed to determine their sediment size distribution and mineral composition.The bottom loess samples reflected the original sedimentary features of the Loess Plateau,and the median particle size reduced,and the clay content increased from the north to the south of the study region.The surface loess has been weathered under the action of wind and rainfall,and the clay particle content in the surface loess samples was higher than that in the undisturbed bottom loess.Erosion of the surface soil due to rainfall and surface runoff means that fine particles(mostly clay)have been washed away.The median diameter of surface loess particles was a little larger than that of the bottom loess particles where water erosion dominates.The particle size became coarser with increasing distance from the estuary in the MLYR,which reflects depositional sorting in the river channel.Significant logarithmic relations were found between the median diameter of the sediment particles and the i)non-clay mineral content and ii)clay mineral content.Thus,clay and non-clay mineral compositions can be conveniently estimated from the particle size distribution.     

天然矿物在CVD法合成碳纳米管中的应用

化学气相沉积(CVD)合成碳纳米管时,催化剂具有重要的作用。实验证实,一些天然矿物也是潜在的催化剂材料,能在高温下裂解乙炔合成碳纳米管。吸附性能良好的坡缕石和海泡石是优异的催化剂载体,负载钴制备碳纳米管的直径均匀细小;钛酸脂改性后的坡缕石能释放金属铁,并催化碳纳米管的生长;由于矿物晶格中含有催化剂金属离子,大洋锰结核是天然的催化剂。采用矿物催化剂,成本低廉,能够获得碳纳米管与矿物的复合材料,拓宽矿物的应用领域。     

福建南平花岗伟晶岩中的铌钽矿物学研究

铌钽矿物是福建南平花岗伟晶岩中最有工业利用价值的矿物,其种类较多,根据晶体结构和成分的差异,可分成６大类,即：铌铁矿－钽铁矿类,重钽铁矿类,锡锰钽矿类,细晶石类;褐钇铌矿类;铌（钽）－铁金红石类。铌铁矿－钽铁矿还可进一步分成６个在。不同各类铌钽矿物产于不同类型伟晶岩或同一类型伟晶岩的不同矿物组合带。在详细讨论了各类铌钽矿物的产状,成分,物理性质及晶体结构等特征的基础上,探讨了它们的地球化学演化规律     

矽卡岩锡矿石中锡的赋存状态与锡物相

锡矿物约有六十种,含锡矿物约有二十种。胶态锡是化学物相的概念,是指能溶于１∶３的硫酸中的各类矿物中的锡。它不是某一矿物物相。木锡石、胶状锡石均为锡石的一种,水锡石则是研究得不很清楚的一种矿物。硅酸盐矿物和磁铁矿中都存在类质同象态锡。根据锡矿物和含锡矿物的特性,将矽卡岩锡矿石中的锡分成氧化物相、硫化物相、水锡石相、硅酸锡相四个化学物相,它们各有相对应的矿物,新的化学物相方法利于指导选冶生产。     

关于我国未来矿产勘查开发的探讨

矿产勘查开发随环保投入、地勘费进入成本其风险越来越大,同时随科技进步、矿产替代品使用、再循环中矿物质的回收利用和人均拥有矿物质量的平衡问题等将导致未来矿产勘查开发的重新定位、重新认识。在矿产勘查开发的第二次革命和战略性转移中,应找准矿业发展新的支撑点,使人口、资源、环境相互协调,持续发展。     

Multi-stage fluid circulation in a hydraulic fracture breccia of the Larderello geothermal field (Italy)

The deep well MV5A, drilled in the western part of the Larderello geothermal field, crossed a 20-cm-thick hydraulic fracture breccia unit at a depth of 1090 m below ground level (b.g.l.). This breccia occurs in a fine-grained Triassic metasandstone and consists of angular to subangular clasts of up to some centimeters in size. Pervasive alteration has affected the breccia clasts and wall rock around the breccia, with the formation of Mg–Fe chlorite. After such alteration, hydrothermal circulation caused the precipitation of two generations of calcite cement. Then, ankerite partially replaced these two calcite generations. Ankerite also precipitated in late veinlets with chlorite. Late hydrothermal activity led to the crystallization of albite, quartz and finally, anhydrite. The calcite contains vapor-rich inclusions and two populations of liquid-rich (L1 and L2) inclusions. L1 inclusions are characterized by homogenization temperatures between 304 and 361°C and salinities from 7.4 to 11.6 wt.% NaCl equivalent; L2 inclusions revealed homogenization temperatures in the range of 189–245°C and salinities from 2.6 to 6.3 wt.% NaCl equivalent. The fluids contained in L2 inclusions were probably trapped coevally with some vapor-rich inclusions under boiling conditions after the L1 inclusions formed. Some of the abundant vapor-rich inclusions in calcite may also represent early, low-temperature inclusions affected by decrepitation and/or stretching and/or leaking during L1 trapping. The liquid-rich (L) inclusions trapped at later stages in ankerite, albite and anhydrite display, respectively, homogenization temperature ranges of 189–198°C, 132–145°C, and 139–171°C, and salinities ranging from 1.6 to 1.7 wt.% NaCl equivalent, 1.4 to 2.1 wt.% NaCl equivalent and 3.7 to 6.2 wt.% NaCl equivalent. The inclusions studied record the evolution, over time, of the fluids flowing in the breccia level: L1 inclusions capture high-temperature fluid (about 300 to 350°C) of high salinity (around 10 wt.% NaCl equivalent) at above-hydrostatic pressures (up to about 150 bar). The L2 inclusions in calcite and liquid-rich inclusions in ankerite and albite represent subsequent hydrothermal fluid evolution toward lower temperatures (about 250 to 130°C), pressures (45 to a few bar) and salinities (6.3 to 1.4 wt.% NaCl equivalent). During this stage, boiling processes and infiltration of meteoric waters probably occurred. Finally, moderately saline fluids (around 5 wt.% NaCl equivalent) at a temperature (about 160°C) close to that of present-day in-hole measurements was trapped in the anhydrite inclusions. The liquids trapped in liquid-rich inclusions circulated at 41,000 years (maximum age of calcite) or later. This age represents an upper limit for the development of vapor-dominated condition, in this part of the geothermal system. The fluids circulating at the breccia level were probably meteoric and/or connate waters. These fluids may have interacted with the anhydrite and carbonate bearing formations present in the Larderello area. The occurrence of the hot and saline fluids, trapped in L1 inclusions at above-hydrostatic pressure, suggests that similar fluids but with higher pressure (≥167 bar) and temperature (≥360°C) may have been responsible for rock fracturing.     

塔里木盆地桑塔木油气田低阻油气层形成机理

在综合研究了低阻油气层的测井、地质、测试、化验分析等资料的基础上,深入分析了低阻油气层的形成条件,认为岩性、矿化度、孔隙结构、束缚水含量、导电矿物、填（胶）结物、泥岩夹层和泥浆性能等是直接影响形成低阻油气层的重要因素