Offshore Occurrences of Heavy-Mineral Placers,Northwest Galicia,Spain

ABSTRACT

Results of offshore water-jet sediment sampling demonstrate the potential for interstadial placer deposits of industrial minerals in the shore-face to inner-shelf of Cape Ortegal, NW Spain. Placer deposition is interpreted to have occurred during glacial interstadials since the Last Glacial Maximum, and deposits sampled at 24 to 42 m. BSL were formed during the Younger Dryas, and subsequently preserved as a result of very rapid rising sea-levels. The sediments are almost entirely terrestrially derived with a particularly high heavy mineral content (Sp. Gr. >2.9), of more than 75% in all samples. Reworked garnet from earlier-sedimentary deposits constitutes an important fraction of the placer deposits identified but is generally absent in other sediments. Indications of the presence of +5 m-thick paleo-placer deposits with sections include:

• Placer garnet + spinel grades increase with depth in those sediments at 24 to 42 m BSL to the ocean-floor.

• The d50 of sediments with background grades decrease with depth while those of placer deposits do not display any significant trend.

• Garnets in non-mineralized sediments are almost entirely angular, whereas in placer enriched sediments they vary in form from well-rounded to angular. Some grains in the latter display surface morphologies typical of reworked sediment while none of the former do.

Sediments deposited during glacial interstadials at depths of up to 130 m BSL may represent important, undeveloped exploration targets for offshore placer deposits of industrial minerals. Industrial mineral exploration should extend the depths of investigations to those corresponding to major interstadial periods.     

反射定标板污染对典型月球矿物定量分析影响的研究

悬浮月尘存在污染月表就位光谱仪反射定标板的可能。文中工作模拟并分析了近红外光谱仪反射定标板在无污染、受轻度和重度污染情况下对模拟月壤矿物混合物光谱指纹特征及定量分析模型预测精确度的影响。结果表明：以受污定标板为参比的月壤矿物混合物反射光谱在反射率和指纹特征上均异于无污染样品,且污染越重差异越大;用无污染光谱数据建立的偏最小二乘(PLS)定量分析模型,预测受污样品时其预测精确度显著降低;采用受污后光谱数据重建PLS模型会在一定程度上能提高受污样品的预测准确度。该研究和获得的结论,在星表光学载荷的设计、数据校正以及定量分析模型预测能力评估等方面具有一定的指导意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组重矿物的成岩作用

砂岩中重矿物在埋藏成岩环境中会发生溶蚀甚至形成新的重矿物胶结物。利用重矿物特征进行物源分析是鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组物源分析的最重要方法之一,但石榴子石、榍石和绿帘石这3种重矿物在成岩作用期间发生了明显的后生变化。研究表明,延长卡中石榴子石发生溶蚀形成粒内溶孔和刻面石榴子石,部分被方解石、绿泥石或硅质交代;见自生榍石晶体及榍石次生加大,且榍石的生长具有多期次性;见自生绿帘石晶体及绿帘石次生加大,部分绿帘石被绿泥石或硅质交代;相对稳定性强的石榴子石部分被溶蚀,而相对稳定性弱的碎屑状榍石、绿帘石并未见到溶蚀现象,这与以往研究中对于重矿物稳定性的认识是不一致的,希望能引起未来研究者的重视。     

ASD FieldSpec 3地物光谱数据在水磨—大河地区岩性分类中的应用

以四川省旺苍县水磨—大河地区为研究区, 利用美国ASD FieldSpec 3便携式地物光谱仪野外实测岩矿波谱数据和ASTER遥感影像数据, 基于GIS平台, 根据野外实测的岩石光谱曲线和USGS光谱库的典型岩石光谱曲线提取端元波谱, 对区域影像像元的光谱曲线进行匹配, 采用ENVI4.4软件自动信息提取与人机交互解译相结合的方式, 进行岩性分类, 可以有效地划分区内岩性界线, 满足填图需求, 对辅助该区区域基础地质调查、矿产普查等具有重要的应用价值。      

黔西南普安泥堡大型金矿床黄铁矿与毒砂标型特征及金的赋存状态

通过系统的显微镜鉴定及扫描电镜观察,将黔西南普安泥堡金矿床中的黄铁矿按形貌特征划分为6种类型,即立方体状、草莓状、细粒状、粗粒状、环带状及长条状黄铁矿。黄铁矿电子探针分析结果表明,主要载金矿物为含砷黄铁矿(环带状黄铁矿、细粒状黄铁矿)和毒砂。环带状黄铁矿核部和环带形成于不同的成岩、成矿阶段,其核部贫Au、As,富Fe、S,属成岩期的产物;环带富Au、As,贫Fe、S,形成于主成矿期。黄铁矿环带中Au与As具有正对应关系,在一定的楔形空间呈正相关,高Au含量往往与中等As含量(2%~6%)相对应;而As与S呈明显负相关,说明富砷环带是As取代S而进入黄铁矿晶格所致。细粒状黄铁矿具有高Au、As,低Fe、S的特点,类似于环带状黄铁矿环带部位的特征,推测富As环带与细粒状黄铁矿同属主成矿阶段的产物。毒砂常穿插或沿含砷黄铁矿边缘分布,表明其形成晚于热液期含砷黄铁矿。因此,泥堡金矿床中载金矿物的结晶顺序大致为:贫砷沉积成因黄铁矿(核部)→富砷黄铁矿环带和细粒状黄铁矿→毒砂。电子探针点分析和面波普扫描显示,Au在载金矿物含砷黄铁矿和毒砂中具有不均匀分布的特征,根据Au的溶解度极限(Au/As 0.02)和lgw(As)—lgw(Au)图解,推测Au主要以"不可见"固溶体(Au~(+1))形式赋存于含砷黄铁矿和毒砂中,极少量可能为纳米级自然金(Au~0)。     

云南易门铜厂铜矿床碳酸盐矿物微量元素组成研究

易门铜厂矿床是云南易门铜矿带中的一个大-中型铜矿床,矿区存在早期沉积-成岩型和晚期热液脉状型2种铜矿类型。为深入阐明2种矿化类型的成矿作用特征,文章分别选取落雪组白云岩及层状矿石中的白云石和热液脉状矿石中的方解石,采用ICP-MS等方法,对其开展碳酸盐矿物的微量及稀土元素地球化学研究。研究结果显示：在微量元素组成方面,沉积-成岩型的白云石以富集Cu、Pb、Zn、Ba、Bi、Sb、Ga、Ag,亏损Mo、Cr、Ni、Co、V元素为特征,脉状方解石中则以亏损亲硫元素（Cu、Pb、Zn）和不相容元素（Ba、Be、Rb、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th、U等）,富集V、Co、Ni元素为特征;在稀土元素组成上,二者稀土元素总量均较低,具不同程度的Eu负异常和微弱的Ce正异常,但在稀土元素配分模式上,白云石为明显右倾的轻稀土元素富集模式,方解石则为轻稀土元素略富集,中稀土元素富集的缓右倾或平缓型配分模式。综合分析结果认为,2类脉石矿物是不同成矿系统的产物,白云石形成于正常浅海环境,为沉积-成岩成因,成矿物质的壳源特征明显。方解石为后期热液成因,有深源物质参与成矿。层状矿体与脉状矿体不具"同期+同源"的特征。     

Calculation of the CIPW norm: New formulas

A completely new set of formulas, based on matrix algebra, has been suggested for the calculation of the CIPW norm for igneous rocks to achieve highly consistent and accurate norms. The suggested sequence of derivation of the normative minerals greatly deviates from the sequence followed in the classical scheme. The formulas are presented in a form convenient for error-free implementation in computer programs. Accurate formulas along with the use of variable molecular weights for CaO and FeO; corrected formula weights for apatite, pyrite and fluorite; and suggested measures to avoid significant rounding off errors to achieve absolute match between the sum of the input weights of the oxides and the sum of the weights of the estimated normative minerals. Using an analogous procedure for determining the oxidation ratios of igneous rocks as used in the SINCLAS system of Verma et al (2002, 2003), the suggested calculation scheme exactly reproduces their results except for apatite for reasons explained in the text, but with a superior match between the totals for about 11,200 analyses representing rocks of a wide range of composition     

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) of fine quartz particles using an amine as collector

Experimental studies concerning the dissolved air flotation (DAF) of fine (d_p < 100 μm) quartz particles, using two different flotation cells (setups), are presented. Pure and well characterised quartz samples were treated with a commercial amine as collector prior to flotation and bubbles were characterised by the LTM-BSizer technique. Bubble size distribution showed 71% (by volume) and 94% (by number) of the bubbles having sizes (d_b) lower than 100 μm (i.e. microbubbles). The Sauter and arithmetic mean diameters were 79 μm and 56 μm, respectively, for the bubbles generated at 300 kPa (gauge) saturation pressure (after 30 minute saturation time). Quartz particle size distribution (obtained by laser diffraction) showed a volume-moment diameter of 13 μm. The Rosin–Rammler–Bennett, Gates–Gaudin–Schumann and log-normal distribution functions were well fitted (R² > 0.96) to the bubble size distribution and quartz particle size distribution data. Values of total quartz recovery ranging from 6% to 53% (by mass) were obtained for the DAF experiments under different collector concentrations (up to 2 mg g^− 1), with an optimal collector concentration found at 1 mg g^− 1. These results are significant considering that 27% (by volume) of the quartz particles are ultrafine (d_p < 5 μm), demonstrating the widely-known efficiency of DAF to remove small particles when applied in the field of water and wastewater treatment. The true flotation behaviour, as a function of particle diameter (d_p), exhibits a local minimum when particles are approximately 3–5 μm in size. The results contribute to the discussion in the literature about the existence of such a minimum, which is generally interpreted as a change in the mechanism of particle collection from convection (collision) to diffusion at lower particle sizes.     

松辽盆地北部热史恢复及烃源岩生烃史

根据镜质体反射率、粘土矿物分析和包裹体测试数据对松辽盆地北部齐家-古龙凹陷、三肇凹陷、黑鱼泡凹陷和双城向斜的古地温进行了研究并恢复了其热历史.它们都是在明水组沉积末期达到最高古地温,从古近纪到现今古地温持续降低.各个凹陷经历的古地温高低顺序依次为：古龙凹陷 >双城向斜 >三肇凹陷 >黑鱼泡凹陷,对应最高古地温为160℃至120℃不等.成烃史研究表明：松辽盆地中-浅层主力烃源岩青山口组-段泥岩随着嫩江组的快速沉积迅速进入生烃阶段,但各地所处成烃阶段不同;齐家-古龙凹陷烃源岩在嫩江组沉积初期进入生油门限,在嫩江组-明水组沉积期为快速生烃期,现为成熟-高熟阶段;双城向斜和三肇凹陷烃源岩在嫩江组沉积中期进入生油门限,于嫩江组-明水组沉积末期为快速生烃期,现为成熟阶段;黑鱼泡凹陷烃源岩在嫩江组沉积期末进入生油门限,于四方台组-明水组沉积期为快速生烃期,现为低熟-成熟阶段.     

浅析激电法在建阳市井后钼矿区的找矿效果

建阳井后钼矿在新一轮矿产远景调查的矿点检查时开展了物探工作,发现激电异常,结合矿区成矿地质特征,推断其是隐伏钼矿（化）体引起的矿致异常,经工程验证得以证实。该区激电异常是深部找矿的有效标志。