光电子作用下土壤微生物粪产碱杆菌反硝化性能研究

本文在对普通培养条件下异养微生物粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis,A.faecalis)反硝化特征研究的基础上,运用电化学方法于一定电势下(-0.15 V、-0.06 V、+0.06 V vs.NHE)模拟半导体矿物导带光电子能量,探讨不同能量的光电子对A.faecalis反硝化特性及细胞生长代谢的影响。实验显示,在普通培养条件下,A.faecalis在有氧和无氧环境中均不能还原NO-3,但还原NO-2效果明显。在模拟光电子实验体系中,A.faecalis可在不同电势(-0.15 V、-0.06 V、+0.06 V)的阴极石墨电极表面附着并形成具有反硝化活性的菌膜;其中,外加电势为-0.15V的实验组菌膜量最多,其NO-3去除率也最高,10天达到52%;-0.06 V体系略低,NO-3去除率为30.5%,+0.06 V体系菌膜量最少,其NO-3去除效果也最差,仅为10.6%。而在不添加微生物的电化学体系中,3个外加电势下的NO-3浓度均未发生明显变化。本实验研究结果证明了一定能量的半导体矿物光电子可影响土壤异养微生物A.faecalis的生长代谢及反硝化行为。     

俯冲洋壳的折返及其相关问题讨论

大洋俯冲带中高压(HP)和超高压(UHP)岩石的折返机制一直以来都是俯冲工厂中最不为人知的问题之一.本文根据搜集全球折返到地表的洋壳榴辉岩基础数据(包括岩石学特征、峰期温压条件和折返P-T轨迹),初步探讨了洋壳榴辉岩的折返机制.根据峰期矿物组合、温压条件和对应的地温梯度,典型大洋俯冲带中的榴辉岩可以分为三类:含柯石英的UHP硬柱石榴辉岩(2.7～ 3.2GPa,470 ～ 610℃,5～7℃/km)、HP硬柱石榴辉岩(1.7～2.6GPa,360～ 620℃,5～8℃/km)和HP绿帘石榴辉岩(1.5 ～2.3 GPa,540 ～ 630℃,7～12℃/km).与大陆俯冲碰撞造山带中的HP-UHP榴辉岩相比,洋壳榴辉岩具有较低的峰期温压条件和较高的低密度含水矿物的含量,但是普遍缺失高密度的蓝晶石.已有的俯冲洋壳的折返模式都基于一个假设:洋壳榴辉岩密度比周围地幔大.因此,洋壳榴辉岩的折返必须借助于低密度的蛇纹岩或者变沉积岩.MORB体系的热力学模拟研究表明,俯冲洋壳的矿物组合、矿物含量和密度主要受低密度含水矿物(如硬柱石、绿泥石、蓝闪石和滑石等)的稳定性控制,并且在同等深度条件下,冷俯冲洋壳的密度低于热俯冲洋壳的密度.经历冷俯冲(～6℃/km)洋壳的密度在＜ 110～ 120km(P ＜3.3 ～ 3.6GPa)的深度仍小于周围地幔,但是经历热俯冲(～ 1O℃/km)洋壳的密度在＞60km(P＞1.8GPa)的深度就已经超过周围地幔.结合高温高压实验资料和地球物理观察数据,我们认为在＞120km的深度,俯冲基性洋壳本身密度大于周围地幔,不存在低密度的地幔楔蛇纹岩(蛇纹石已发生分解),并且大洋板块的俯冲角度突然增大可能阻碍了更深部的低密度变沉积岩的折返.以上这三个方面的原因可能导致现今折返到地表的洋壳榴辉岩和变沉积岩的形成深度普遍小于120km.折返过程中硬柱石脱水分解会导致洋壳密度增大,退变形成的蓝晶石榴辉岩的密度大于周围地幔,无法折返,这可能是全球洋壳榴辉岩中普遍缺失蓝晶石的主要原因.     

中更新世以来的哈尔滨黄土物源变化——来自TIMA自动定量矿物的证据北大核心CSCD

黄土隐含丰富的古气候信息,了解其物源变化对理解亚洲内陆干旱化、大气环流模式和亚洲季风演变至关重要。哈尔滨荒山剖面地层出露厚度大,地层连续,保存了松嫩平原最完整的黄土-古土壤序列。此外,重矿物在河流源-汇研究中得到广泛应用,但在风成沉积物中较少。定量矿物学方法分析速度快,能在较短时间内获得大量数据。因此,我们对哈尔滨黄土-古土壤序列进行TIMA(TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer)自动定量矿物分析及年代学(OSL、ESR和14C)测试,以期了解哈尔滨黄土在冰期-间冰期时间尺度上的物源变化。结果表明:TIMA方法鉴别的矿物种类高于传统方法,且TIMA定量的重矿物含量与传统方法相比存在一定的差异,但两者揭示的重矿物组合基本一致。黄土-古土壤序列在15.1 m(234.2 ka)上、下地层的20—63μm组分的铁板钛矿、闪石类、锆石、磷灰石、金红石、钛铁矿、铬铁矿、榍石、辉石以及重矿物特征指数(ZTR和GZi)等存在明显不同的变化特征;然而,除了铁板钛矿和独居石外,<20μm组分并没有表现出如此特征。黄土-古土壤序列上、下地层重矿物组成的差异指示了哈尔滨黄土物源的变化。15.1 m以下,哈尔滨黄土除了接受松嫩沙地的近源粉尘贡献外,也有远源(比如,浑善达克和科尔沁沙地)粉尘的贡献。随着干旱化气候的加剧,松嫩沙地范围扩大,使得15.1 m以上黄土的远源贡献比例减少,近源贡献显著增加。即增强的气候干旱化导致的松嫩沙地粉尘源区范围扩大,是哈尔滨黄土物源发生变化的主要原因。     

白令海和西北冰洋表层沉积物磁化率特征初步研究

为了准确解释环境磁学参数记录的极地古气候环境变化信息,本研究对白令海和西北冰洋61个站位的表层沉积物进行了高、低频质量磁化率(χ)、非磁滞磁化率(χARM)和磁化率-温度(k-T)分析,以探明该区沉积物中磁性矿物的种类、来源与搬运路径。结果显示,样品的χ具有明显的地域分布特征。白令海的χ值整体高于楚科奇海,并在育空河口外侧和圣劳伦斯岛南侧较高,向北和向西南方向逐渐减小。楚科奇海中东部陆架上表层沉积χ值高于阿拉斯加沿岸,而西北冰洋深海平原和洋脊区的χ值最低。χARM的变化趋势与质量磁化率相似,但频率磁化率的变化趋势与质量磁化率正好相反。k-T分析结果显示阿留申海盆沉积物中的铁磁性矿物以磁赤铁矿占主导,白令海陆架育空河口外侧和圣劳伦斯岛南北两侧为磁铁矿,白令海陆架西部和楚科奇海陆架中东部为磁赤铁矿和磁铁矿,楚科奇海阿拉斯加沿岸为黄铁矿,而西北冰洋陆坡、深海平原和洋脊区为胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿,但高纬度区沉积物中的胶黄铁矿含量更高。沉积物中磁性矿物的区域性分布受沉积物来源、洋流和底质环境等因素的控制。白令海和楚科奇海陆架磁赤铁矿来源于亚洲大陆,白令海陆架东部的磁铁矿来自育空河流域,阿拉斯加沿岸沉积物中的黄铁矿,应为阿拉斯加西北部陆源侵蚀来源的或早期成岩作用形成的,西北冰洋深海盆区的胶黄铁矿,为自生成因的。     

Reconstruction of low temperature (<100 °C) burial in sedimentary basins: A comparison of geothermometer in the intracontinental Paris Basin

The thermal evolution of sediments in the shallowest part of sedimentary basins is challenging to investigate as most of the geothermometers are at their application limits. This is typically the case of the Callovian–Oxfordian claystones at the eastern border of the Paris Basin. A recent 2000 m deep well penetrated the entire Jurassic and Triassic sedimentary series and permitted coring of sediments never reached by previous drilling in this part of the basin. Thanks to the use of several independent geothermometers (apatite fission track thermochronology, fluid inclusion microthermometry, clay mineralogy and sedimentary organic matter evolution) the burial history of the Mesozoic series has been reconstructed, modeled and calibrated using kinetic algorithms relevant to the various paleothermometers used. In addition to these conventional methods, an innovative approach was developed using the temperature-dependence of the magnetic mineral assemblage within clay-rich sediments (“MagEval”). Thermal modeling indicates that the Callovian–Oxfordian and the Lower Triassic experienced maximum burial temperatures of 50 ± 5 °C and 90 ± 10 °C respectively, i.e., about 25 °C higher than present-day. This temperature offset implies the erosion of several hundred meters of sediments which, depending on the thermal flux and conductivity considered, most likely constituted Upper Cretaceous chalk deposits. Falling sea level resulted in the exposure and subsequent dismantling of the chalk cover at the beginning of Cenozoic times. The eastern border of the basin was then subjected to slow erosion and discrete tectonic deformation.     

Mineralogical study of surface sediments in the western Arctic Ocean and their implications for material sources

Mineralogical analysis was performed on bulk sediments of 79 surface samples using X-ray diffraction. The analytical results, combined with data on ocean currents and the regional geological background, were used to investigate the mineral sources. Mineral assemblages in sediments and their distribution in the study area indicate that the material sources are complex. （1） Feldspar is abundant in the sediments of the middle Chukchi Sea near the Bering Strait, originating from sediments in the Anadyr River carried by the Anadyr Current. Sediments deposited on the western side of the Chukchi Sea are rich in feldspar. Compared with other areas, sediments in this region are rich in hornblende transported from volcanic and sedimentary rocks in Siberia by the Anadyr Stream and the Siberian Coastal Current. Sediments in the eastern Chukchi Sea are rich in quartz sourced from sediments of the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers carried by the Alaska Coastal Current. Sediments in the northern Chukchi Sea are rich in quartz and carbonates from the Mackenzie River sediments. （2） Sediments of the southern and central Canada Basin contain little calcite and dolomite, mainly due to the small impact of the Beaufort Gyre carrying carbonates from the Canadian Arctic Islands. Compared with other areas, the mica content in the region is high, implying that the Laptev Sea is the main sediment source for the southern and central Canada Basin. In the other deep sea areas, calcite and dolomite levels are high caused by the input of large amounts of sediment carried by the Beaufort Gyre from the Canadian Arctic Islands （Banks and Victoria）. The Siberian Laptev Sea also provides small amounts of sediment for this region. Furthermore, the Atlantic mid-water contributes some fine-grained material to the entire deep western Arctic Ocean.     

扎仓茶卡盐湖硼矿富^10B矿床特征及成因探讨

硼在自然界有两种稳定同位素^11B和^10B,天然丰度分别为80．22％和19．78％。10B对具有强辐射能力的伽马射线具有良好的阻挡作用,^10B的热中子的吸收截面大,在多种领域均有广泛应用。扎仓茶卡盐湖沉积硼矿床^10B含量均值高于天然丰度值,富硼镁石矿石硼含量高,杂质少,属优质硼矿资源,具有特殊的社会经济价值,具备核用硼源加工供应基地的基本条件。在总结扎仓茶卡盐湖硼矿富10B矿床特征的基础上,对硼的富集及其同位素分馏机理进行了必要探讨。     

On the survival of intergranular coesite in UHP eclogite

Coesite is typically found as inclusions in rock‐forming or accessory minerals in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks. Thus, the survival of intergranular coesite in UHP eclogite at Yangkou Bay (Sulu belt, eastern China) is surprising and implies locally “dry” conditions throughout exhumation. The dominant structures in the eclogites at Yangkou are a strong D₂ foliation associated with tight‐to‐isoclinal F₂ folds that are overprinted by close‐to‐tight F₃ folds. The coesite‐bearing eclogites occur as rootless intrafolial isoclinal F₁ fold noses wrapped by a composite S₁–S₂ foliation in interlayered phengite‐bearing quartz‐rich schists. To evaluate controls on the survival of intergranular coesite, we determined the number density of intergranular coesite grains per cm² in thin section in two samples of coesite eclogite (phengite absent) and three samples of phengite‐bearing coesite eclogite (2–3 vol.% phengite), and measured the amount of water in garnet and omphacite in these samples, and also in two samples of phengite‐bearing quartz eclogite (6–7 vol.% phengite, coesite absent). As coesite decreases in the mode, the amount of primary structural water stored in the whole rock, based on the nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs), increases from 107/197 ppm H₂O in the coesite eclogite to 157–253 ppm H₂O in the phengite‐bearing coesite eclogite to 391/444 ppm H₂O in the quartz eclogite. In addition, there is molecular water in the NAMs and modal water in phengite. If the primary concentrations reflect differences in water sequestered during the late prograde evolution, the amount of fluid stored in the NAMs at the metamorphic peak was higher outside of the F₁ fold noses. During exhumation from UHP conditions, where NAMs became H₂O saturated, dehydroxylation would have generated a free fluid phase. Interstitial fluid in a garnet–clinopyroxene matrix at UHP conditions has dihedral angles >60°, so at equilibrium fluid will be trapped in isolated pores. However, outside the F₁ fold noses strong D₂ deformation likely promoted interconnection of fluid and migration along the developing S₂ foliation, enabling conversion of some or all of the intergranular coesite into quartz. By contrast, the eclogite forming the F₁ fold noses behaved as independent rigid bodies within the composite S₁–S₂ foliation of the surrounding phengite‐bearing quartz‐rich schists. Primary structural water concentrations in the coesite eclogite are so low that H₂O saturation of the NAMs is unlikely to have occurred. This inherited drier environment in the F₁ fold noses was maintained during exhumation by deformation partitioning and strain localization in the schists, and the fold noses remained immune to grain‐scale fluid infiltration from outside allowing coesite to survive. The amount of inherited primary structural water and the effects of strain partitioning are important variables in the survival of coesite during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust. Evidence of UHP metamorphism may be preserved in similar isolated structural settings in other collisional orogens.     

库姆塔格沙漠地表物质组成、来源和风化过程

通过对库姆塔格沙漠地表沉积物样品进行重矿物和主量元素分析,获得了其矿物和元素组成特征:矿物种类多,绿帘石和角闪石含量为主;化学组成上以Si、Al为主,和上陆壳平均化学组成相比,除Si、Ca外都有一定的亏损,Fe、Mg、Ca、P、Ti、Mn等元素的变异系数较高。库姆塔格沙漠地表沙物质组成特征与阿尔金山北麓出露的岩石和冲、洪积扇物质组成基本一致,与塔克拉玛干沙漠也有很大的共性,反映了库姆塔格沙漠地表沙物质主要来源于阿尔金山。沙漠北区强烈的东北风将阿奇克谷地和疏勒河下游的河湖相沉积物搬运至沙漠腹地,构成另一个重要的沙物质来源。A-CN-K图解揭示了库姆塔格沙漠地表物质化学风化程度很低,处于较弱的去Na、Ca阶段,其他元素未发生明显的化学风化或迁移;A-CNK-FM图解表明,库姆塔格沙漠地表物质在搬运、沉积过程中Fe、Mg等元素发生显著分异,其原因主要是铁镁质矿物由于磨损、分选作用遭破碎和风化,使粒度较粗的沙漠沙Fe、Mg等元素相对亏损。     

基于成因机理的低阻油层精细评价方法

低阻油层已成为各油田现阶段增储上产的主力储层之一。通过对葡敖油田葡萄花低阻油层的研究发现,构造和沉积特征在宏观上综合控制着该区低阻油层的形成和分布。对构造而言,低阻油层主要发育在低幅度构造的鼻状构造两侧的西部斜坡带、平缓斜坡带;对沉积而言,低阻油层主要发育于弱水动力条件下形成的三角洲前缘的席状砂及滨浅湖的滩砂和坝砂中。在宏观地质因素控制下,低阻油层的微观特征表现为高地层水矿化度、高束缚水饱和度和强黏土矿物附加导电。基于岩心和测井数据,针对低阻油层的实际特征,利用储层品质因子代替传统经验公式中的孔隙度建立束缚水饱和度模型,根据阳离子交换能力和黏土矿物含量的特征,构造该区低阻敏感参数,建立低阻油层评价的高精度数学模型;并依据分析化验数据综合确定各特征参数在低阻油层的下限值,实现从定性识别向定量评价的过渡。利用低阻油层的定量评价模型精细解释研究区17口关键井,能准确识别26个低阻油层中的25个,获得了96.15%的准确率。