Diagenesis and Very Low‐grade Metamorphism of the Upper Permian Yangjiagou Formation in Eastern Changchun,China: Evidence from Clay Mineral Geothermobarometers

The metamorphic conditions of the Upper Permian Yangjiagou Formation in eastern Changchun, China, were evaluated based on the mineral assemblage, illite crystallinity, illite polytypism,the b dimension of illite, and the chemical composition of chlorite. The pelitic rocks in the Yangjiagou Formation are characterized by illite + kaolinite + chlorite ± mixed-layer chlorite/smectite and detrital quartz + plagioclase. Illite in the formation has a crystallinity of 0.38-0.55 and comprises mixed 2 M_1 and1 M_d polytypes, indicating a metamorphic temperature of 200℃. Based on the chemical composition of chlorite and the chlorite geothermometer, we estimated diagenetic to very low-grade metamorphic conditions with temperatures of 185℃～204℃. The b dimension of illite varies from 8.992 A to 9.005 A.We used a mathematical algorithm to extend Guidotti and Sassi's(1986) diagram relating illite b dimension with temperature and pressure, and used this diagram, together with illite crystallinity and chlorite chemical composition, to semi-quantitatively estimate the formation pressure at1.2 kbar. These reveal that the Yangjiagou Formation has experienced very low-grade metamorphism.     

Trace element systematics in granulite facies rutile: implications for Zr geothermometry and provenance studies

Metamorphic rutile from granulite facies metapelitic rocks of the Archean Pikwitonei Granulite Domain (PGD; Manitoba, Canada) provides constraints on the systematics of trace elements in rutile during high‐temperature conditions and subsequent slow cooling. Compositional profiles and maps of the Zr concentrations in rutile grains (120–600 μm) from three metapelitic gneisses were acquired by electron probe micro‐analysis, using a spatial resolution of down to 2 μm. Simultaneously, profiles were analysed for Nb, Cr and V, which have significantly different diffusion characteristics in rutile. The profiles of all elements show relatively homogeneous concentrations within most grains, but significant inter‐grain differences even within a single thin section. Some rutile grains display a slight concentration decrease from a neighbouring garnet towards the matrix for all measured elements. The lack of diffusion profiles for all analysed elements shows that these are highly immobile in rutile and that distributions of these elements are primary and preserve prograde information. The Nb and Cr concentrations overlap with ranges that are ascribed to different provenances indicating that source discrimination based on these elements is not possible in all cases. High retentiveness for Zr implies that the Zr‐in‐rutile geothermometer is highly robust to diffusive re‐equilibration, even during very slow cooling (<2 °C Ma^?1) from granulite facies conditions. Most grains have high Zr contents (3000–4600 ppm). Differences between high Zr contents suggest that during growth under vapour‐absent conditions there may not be saturation of Zr in rutile, even if zircon is present. Therefore, several rutile grains need to be analysed in a sample to obtain a useful minimum peak temperature. The highest Zr concentrations correspond to ～900 °C. This is significantly higher than previous peak temperature estimates of 820 °C based on two‐feldspar thermometry. On a regional scale this implies that part of the PGD was affected by ultra‐high temperature (UHT) metamorphism. It also implies that rutile is able to preserve primary compositions even to UHT conditions. This study shows that, if combined with textural information, Zr‐in‐rutile has the potential to be a very useful tool for estimating rutile crystallization temperatures and peak metamorphic conditions. For granulite facies rocks, Zr‐in‐rutile yields more reliable peak metamorphic temperatures than most other exchange geothermometers, which tend to partially re‐equilibrate by diffusion during cooling.     

华北克拉通太古宙研究若干进展

华北克拉通存在3.8 Ga以上的地质演化历史。本文对近年来我们在鞍本、冀东、鲁西、胶东和阴山地区研究取得的进展作了简要介绍。在鞍山,深沟寺杂岩获得~3770 Ma,3600–3660 Ma,~3450 Ma,3310–3330 Ma和~3120 Ma锆石年龄,与白家坟杂岩和东山杂岩的岩浆事件十分类似。在冀东,对曹庄杂岩副变质斜长角闪岩和石榴黑云片麻岩定年,发现大量3.5–3.8 Ga碎屑锆石,并获得~2.5 Ga变质锆石年龄,冀东地区很可能存在始太古代岩石,可把曹庄杂岩形成时代限定在2.5 Ga和3.4 Ga之间。在鲁西,把太古宙基底从东北到西南依次划分为A、B、C三个岩带:A带主要为新太古代晚期的壳源花岗岩,B带主要为新太古代早期的岩石,C带主要为新太古代晚期的新生岩浆岩。鲁西是华北克拉通新太古代早期岩石分布最广泛的地区,也是华北克拉通确认新太古代早期和晚期表壳岩系共存的唯一地区。在胶东,规模巨大的2.9 Ga岩浆热事件被识别出来,它是强烈地幔添加作用的产物。可能作为岩浆板底垫托作用的结果,2.9 Ga岩石与2.7 Ga岩石一道,在新太古代晚期(~2.5 Ga)遭受强烈变质改造。在阴山地块,除2.5 Ga表壳岩和侵入岩外,还存在2.7 Ga英云闪长岩和2.6 Ga花岗岩。新获得的资料表明阴山地块与华北克拉通东部陆块具有类似的早前寒武纪地质演化历史。还对华北克拉通太古宙变质基底的锆石年龄和Hf同位素组成及全岩Nd同位素组成进行了统计研究。结合前人工作,初步总结了华北克拉通太古宙地质演化特点。认为华北克拉通与其它克拉通类似,新太古代早期—中太古代晚期是陆壳形成增生的主要时期,但最强烈广泛的构造热事件存在于新太古代晚期。在我们新提出的构造区划中,划分出了三个古陆块(2.6 Ga),即东部古陆块、南部古陆块和中部古陆块。     

胶北蓬莱群的变形与变质及其区域大地构造意义

本文通过构造与变质研究及伊利石结晶度和同位素年龄测定。分析胶北蓬莱群的变形,变质及其区域大地构造意义。作为胶北唯一盖层的蓬莱群,在晚石炭世(299±4Ma)北北东—南南西区域挤压下首次遭受了强烈的蓬莱事件变形及低绿片岩相变质。其后的后蓬莱事件在胶北地区仅造成了局部的北北东—南南西向变形构造。作为华北板块南缘的胶北带,其上的蓬莱事件是华北与扬子板块沿胶南带碰撞的结果。这表明郯庐断裂带以东这两扳块碰撞发生在晚石炭世。在秦岭—大别山碰撞带以北的华北扳块南缘,由于碰撞也出现了类似胶北带的挤压变形。     

攀枝花宝鼎煤田煤变质成因探讨及煤质预测

通过对煤的变质成因分析,认为宝鼎煤田煤类多样,分布格局独特的原因是煤层在广泛深成变质作用基础上,局部叠加了岩浆热变质作用的结果。根据研究结果探讨了宝鼎煤田煤变质模式,预测了深部的煤质变化,指出F22断层以西为下一步JM的有利寻找方向。     

京北琉璃庙地区变质杂岩变质变形特征

琉璃庙地区变质杂岩主要由变质上壳岩、变质深成侵入杂岩及其脉岩群组成.它们多数经韧性变形改造形成各种类型糜棱岩和构造片岩.研究表明,变质上壳岩原岩主要以钙碱性火山(熔)岩为主.本区变质杂岩经历了三期变质变形作用,即高角闪岩相区域变质作用形成大型复式同斜紧闭褶皱;绿帘角闪岩相动力变质作用及强烈的韧性变形,形成了以蓝闪石为特征的不同强度的糜棱岩带;绿片岩相动力变质作用和韧脆性变形作用.     

从变质作用观看板块构造何时在华北克拉通开始

了解板块构造在地球上何时和怎样开始的是地球科学领域还没有解决的重要问题之一。作为板块运动的最终结果,大陆碰撞造山带是识别地球历史演化中板块构造机制起主导作用的重要标志。大陆碰撞带变质作用一般以顺时针p-T轨迹演化为特征,尤其伴有峰期变质之后的等温减压过程。这样,具有峰后等温减压过程的顺时针p-T轨迹是识别地球早期的板块构造作用的重要标志之一。作为世界上最古老的克拉通陆块之一,华北克拉通基底岩石变质作用p-T演化在过去几年已得到广泛深入的研究,使得该克拉通可能成为应用大规模变质作用p-T轨迹途径来探讨构造环境和构造演化过程的最佳场所。构造上,华北克拉通可划分为三个小的陆块(东部陆块、阴山陆块和鄂尔多斯陆块)和三个古元古代活动带(华北中部碰撞带、孔兹岩带和胶—辽—吉带)。东部陆块和阴山陆块新太古代基底岩石变质作用具有等压冷却型逆时针p-T演化轨迹特征,反映变质作用热源与大量地幔岩浆底板垫托或侵位有关。尽管理论上这样大规模的地幔岩浆可形成在大陆岩浆弧、地幔柱或大陆裂谷环境,只有地幔柱模式才能合理地解释东部陆块和阴山陆块新太古代基底岩石时空分布、岩石组合和构造特征。这样,地幔柱可能是主导东部陆块和阴山陆块新太古代地壳形成和演化的主要构造机制,而板块构造在晚太古宙并不是其主要的构造机制。古元古代孔兹岩带和华北中部碰撞带基底岩石变质作用均具有等温减压型顺时针p-T演化特征,反映两造山带都经历地壳加厚和随后的隆升剥蚀构造过程。这样的构造过程是板块构造体制下的碰撞造山带的典型标志。古元古代胶—辽—吉带可进一步划分为南部带和北部带,其中南部带基底岩石具有逆时针p-T演化特征,而北部带基地岩石具有顺时针p-T演化特征,也反映板块构造机制下的产物。现代规模的板块构造在华北克拉通上的启动时间可以由三个活动带中最老的与板块俯冲有关的新生地壳形成时间来大致标定。目前,华北克拉通内部三个活动带中可识别出来的最老的与板块俯冲有关的新生地壳是华北中部碰撞带2·56Ga五台花岗岩,它们的形成可能大致标志着现代样式的板块构造在华北克拉通大规模作用的开始。     

大别地区的变质作用及与碰撞造山过程的关系

大别造山带从南到北可分为５个变质构造单元：扬子北缘蓝片岩带、突松变质杂岩带、南大虽碰撞杂岩带、北大别变质杂岩带和北淮阳变质带。各个变质构造单元中不同岩石的变质作用可划分为３种类型：（１）超高压型。以含柯石英（及金刚石）的榴辉岩为代表,仅见于南大别碰撞杂岩带中,这类岩石的ＰＴ轨迹反映洋壳Ｂ型俯冲的特点。（２）高压型。见于大别山南部的蓝片岩带、宿松变质杂岩带和南大别杂岩中的变质沉积岩及部分片麻岩中,与     

藏北羌塘中北部红脊山地区蓝闪石＋硬柱石变质矿物组合的特征及其意义

蓝闪石 硬柱石是羌塘中北部红脊山地区首次发现的呈北西-南东走向展布的硬柱蓝闪片岩带中典型的低温高压变质矿物组合.蓝闪石呈浅蓝灰色,纤柱状;硬柱石无色,多呈团块状,较均匀地与蓝闪石混杂分布.电子探针分析表明,蓝闪石主要为铁蓝闪石和青铝闪石,硬柱石为较典型的硬柱石.硬柱蓝闪片岩呈(透镜状)构造岩块分布,与围岩呈断层接触,原岩主要为变质玄武岩及少量辉(长)绿岩、基性火山碎屑岩,围岩为变质砂岩、板岩和少量碳酸盐岩.红脊山硬柱蓝闪片岩带伴有构造混杂岩发育,二者共存构成红脊山地区北羌塘甜水河陆块与南羌塘查多岗日陆块之间的分界线.     

中祁连地块北缘退变榴辉岩的发现及其地质意义

1∶5万区域地质调查首次在中祁连地块北缘发现的退变榴辉岩,呈构造岩块分布于大羊陇一带的变质基底中。岩相学和矿物学研究显示,石榴石的矿物包体和化学成分具有进变质环带的特征,属于C类榴辉岩。石榴石核部成分以及残留于核部的黑云母、斜长石等矿物包体代表了进变质阶段(M1)矿物组合,计算得到其温压条件为568～580 ℃和0.80～0.82 GPa。大致估算得峰期榴辉岩相阶段(M2)温压条件为(669±5) ℃和(2.1±0.2) GPa。石榴石“白眼圈”结构指示了等温减压退变质作用,利用局部的平衡矿物获得高角闪岩相退变质阶段(M3)的温压条件为681～705 ℃和0.68～0.71 GPa。进一步的退变质作用发生在低角闪岩相条件下,以基质中出现粗粒的角闪石和斜长石为特征,估算得到这一阶段(M4)温压分别为500～545 ℃和0.38～0.43 GPa。上述变质过程形成一个顺时针的p-T演化轨迹,暗示板片经历过快速俯冲和折返。榴辉岩的锆石CL图像显示锆石大部分发光度低,为无分带、弱分带或海绵状分带,边部发育宽约5 μm的强阴极发光带,主体表现为变质增生锆石的特征。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得峰期榴辉岩相变质的上限年龄为(485±22) Ma。根据岩石地球化学特征和构造环境判别,大羊陇榴辉岩的原岩为MORB,推测属于北祁连洋壳的组成部分。结合中祁连地块北缘广泛发育弧岩浆岩,确定了晚寒武世-中奥陶世北祁连洋壳存在向南的俯冲作用,其俯冲极性为南北双向俯冲。