1.8 Ga Svecofennian post-collisional shoshonitic magmatism in the Fennoscandian shield

At least 14 small (1–11 km across) 1.8 Ga Svecofennian post-collisional bimodal intrusions occur in southern Finland and Russian Karelia in a 600-km-long belt from the Åland Islands to the NW Lake Ladoga region. The rocks range from ultramafic, calc-alkaline, apatite-rich potassium lamprophyres to peraluminous HiBaSr granites, and form a shoshonitic series with K₂O+Na₂O>5%, K₂O/Na₂O>0.5, Al₂O₃>9% over a wide spectrum of SiO₂ (32–78%). Although strongly enriched in all rocks, the LILE Ba and Sr and the LREE generally define a decreasing trend with increasing SiO₂. Depletion is noted for HFSE Ti, Nb and Ta. Available isotopic data show overlapping values for lamprophyres and granites within separate intrusions and a cogenetic origin is thus not precluded. Initial magmas (Mg#>65) in this shoshonitic association are considered to be generated in an enriched lithospheric mantle during post-collisional uplift some 30 Ma after the regional Svecofennian metamorphic peak. However, prior to the melting episode, the lithospheric mantle was affected by carbonatite metasomatism; more extensively in the east than in the west. The melts generated in the more carbonate-rich mantle are extremely enriched in P₂O₅4%, F12,000 ppm, LILE: Ba9000 ppm, Sr7000 ppm, LREE: La600 ppm and Ce1000 ppm. The parental magma underwent 55–60% fractionation of biotite+clinopyroxene+apatite+magnetite+sphene whereupon intermediate varieties were produced. After further fractionation, 60–80%, of K-feldspar+amphibole+plagioclase±(minor magnetite, sphene and apatite), leucosyenites and quartz-monzonites were formed. In the west, where the source was less affected by carbonatite metasomatism, calc-alkaline lamprophyres (vogesites, minettes and spessartites) and equivalent plutonic rocks (monzonites) were formed. Removal of about 50% of biotite, amphibole, plagioclase, magnetite, apatite and sphene produced peraluminous HiBaSr granites. The impact of crustal assimilation is considered to be low. At about 1.8 Ga, the post-collisional shoshonitic magmatism brought juvenile material, particularly enriched in alkalis, LILE, LREE and F, into the crust. Although areally restricted, the regional distribution of the post-collisional intrusions may indicate that larger volumes of 1.8 Ga juvenile material resides in unexposed parts of the crust.     

盾构隧道施工地表变形分析与三维有限元模拟

随着地表建、构筑物密度与日俱增,在地铁建造过程中对地表环境的保护是一个越来越不容忽视的难题。盾构法隧道施工技术成功地应用于地铁施工之后,如何合理预测和控制盾构施工对地表变形的影响就成为了一个新课题。在查阅大量文献的基础上,总结前人的计算方法,利用有限元方法对某盾构隧道工程进行了三维的变形模拟分析,与实测的数据比较计算结果较为满意。     

Unravelling a long-term multi-event thermal record in the cratonic interior of southern Finland through apatite fission track thermochronology

Apatite fission track thermochronology (AFTT) has been applied to the Precambrian basement rocks of southern Finland in an attempt to detect within the long-term thermal history, thermal manifestations in the cratonic interior of tectonic events at the craton margin. The likely subtle magnitude of these manifestations means that AFTT is a useful technique for such a study due to its low temperature sensitivity. A total of 10 samples have been analysed, generating AFTT ages, length statistics and thermal models. Ages range from 313 ± 22 to 848 ± 60 Ma and mean track lengths range from 11.0 ± 1.6 to 13.3 ± 1.8 μm. The data suggests the presence of thermal overprinting of an earlier cooling event. Thermal modelling produces similar results for all samples and typically contains the following major events: (1) two phases of Late-Proterozoic cooling, (2) Late-Silurian re-heating, (3) Cenozoic cooling. The first phase of Late-Proterozoic cooling is interpreted to be due to aulacogen inversion as a result of stress propagation from the collisional tectonics of the Sveconorwegian orogeny. The second phase is discussed in relation to passive margin formation and possible asthenospheric diaper induced relief and exhumation. The Late-Silurian re-heating coincides in time with a proposed Caledonian foreland basin. The Cenozoic cooling is interpreted to represent the latest exposure resulting from North Atlantic Margin formation induced uplift and associated denudation.     

基于反应位移法的复杂软土盾构隧道横断面抗震分析

采用反应位移法,利用ABAQUS软件建立梁-弹簧有限元模型,进行复杂软土场地中盾构隧道横断面抗震分析,并结合天津滨海Z2线软土盾构隧道进行计算。研究表明,在地震作用下,最大弯矩值和剪力值一般出现在拱肩位置,最大轴力值一般出现在拱腰附近;处于复杂地层附近的隧道结构内力值较大,应加强该位置处的抗震构造措施或在选线时尽量避免复杂场地。本文对复杂软土场地中盾构隧道横断面抗震设计具有一定参考价值。     

大型越江盾构隧道施工安全与风险管理探讨

对大型泥水盾构隧道施工安全与施工风险进行详细全面的分析,指出了施工安全与施工风险对人身安全、工程结构和施工机械设备带来的危害。结合工程实例和实践经验,对大型越江盾构隧道施工安全与风险管理进行全面探讨。     

盾构施工对桩基的影响及桩基近邻度划分

隧道盾构施工过程中因盾构对土体的扰动和盾构脱出而没有及时注浆或注浆量不够,通常会对隧道邻近的桩基造成影响,如桩基内力发生改变从而使桩基变形、移位等,影响了桩基的承载力和正常使用。正交试验是一种高效、快速的找出某种指标的主要和次要影响因素的方法。通过建立盾构施工过程中近邻桩基的弹塑性有限元模型,结合正交试验和方差分析,得到了盾构施工对近邻桩基的影响因素大小。结果表明,盾构隧道施工过程中对近邻桩基沉降影响大小的因素依次为：桩与隧道的距离、桩顶荷载、应力损失和土体物理力学性质;桩基在(2.5～3.0)D0（D0为隧道直径）以外,则桩基基本上不受盾构开挖的影响;桩顶沉降与桩顶原来的荷载相关性显著,桩顶荷载的大小反映了土体应力水平的高低。根据方差分析的显著性检验结果提出桩基近邻度的概念和计算公式,把盾构隧道周围的桩基分为非常近、近邻、远邻和非常远等4类桩,表明Ⅰ类桩和Ⅱ类桩受到盾构施工的影响较大,施工前应对桩基采取必要的保护和加固措施,Ⅲ类桩视情况进行处理,Ⅳ类桩一般不需要处理。     

近距离重叠隧道盾构施工的纵向效应及对策研究

上下重叠隧道施工时,后挖隧道施工过程对先建隧道是一种“卸载”作用,受此影响,先建隧道的衬砌管片将朝后挖隧道方向变形,但这种影响作用是暂时的。以深圳地铁3号线老街站-晒布路站区间重叠隧道工程为背景,采用三维有限元数值计算和室内离心模型试验相结合的手段,对上部隧道（后挖隧道）施工引起的下方已建隧道纵向变位进行了研究。结果表明,后挖隧道施工引起的先建隧道不均匀沉降主要出现在约掌子面前方3.5D（D为隧道直径）到后方3D的范围内。基于此,探讨了应对这种暂时纵向效应的对策措施,主要包括临时压重和临时内撑。在先建隧道位于掌子面后方(0~1)D、(1~2)D、(2~3)D范围内分别设置20 t/3 m、20 t/6 m、20 t/9 m的临时压重,且在掌子面前方4D和后方4D范围内为先建隧道设置临时内撑,可以较好地减小由于后挖隧道施工引起的先建隧道附加不均匀变形。     

Accuracy of tretyakov precipitation gauge: Result of wmo intercomparison

The Tretyakov non-recording precipitation gauge has been used historically as the official precipitation measurement instrument in the Russian (formerly the USSR) climatic and hydrological station network and in a number of other European countries. From 1986 to 1993, the accuracy and performance of this gauge were evaluated during the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison at 11 stations in Canada, the USA, Russia, Germany, Finland, Romania and Croatia. The double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) was the reference standard used at all the Intercomparison stations in the Intercomparison. The Intercomparison data collected at the different sites are compatible with respect to the catch ratio (measured/DFIR) for the same gauge, when compared using mean wind speed at the height of the gauge orifice during the observation period. The Intercomparison data for the Tretyakov gauge were compiled from measurements made at these WMO intercomparison sites. These data represent a variety of climates, terrains and exposures. The effects of environmental factors, such as wind speed, wind direction, type of precipitation and temperature, on gauge catch ratios were investigated. Wind speed was found to be the most important factor determining the gauge catch and air temperature had a secondary effect when precipitation was classified into snow, mixed and rain. The results of the analysis of gauge catch ratio versus wind speed and temperature on a daily time step are presented for various types of precipitation. Independent checks of the correction equations against the DFIR have been conducted at those Intercomparison stations and a good agreement (difference less than 10%) has been obtained. The use of such adjustment procedures should significantly improve the accuracy and homogeneity of gauge-measured precipitation data over large regions of the former USSR and central Europe.     

Magnetics in geoexploration

The magnetic method is the oldest and one of the most widely used geophysical techniques for exploring the earth’s subsurface. It is a relatively easy and inexpensive tool to employ, being applicable to a wide variety of subsurface exploration problems involving horizontal magnetic property variations occurring from near the base of the crust to within the uppermost meter of soil. Successful applications of the magnetic method require an in-depth understanding of its basic principles and careful field work, data reduction, and interpretation. Commonly, interpretations are limited to qualitative approaches which simply map the spatial location of anomalous subsurface conditions, but under favourable circumstances the technological status of the method will permit more quantitative interpretations involving specification of the nature of the anomalous sources. No other geophysical method provides critical input to such a wide variety of problems. However, seldom does the magnetic method provide the complete answer to an investigation problem. As a result, it is generally used in concert with other geophysical and geological data to limit its interpretational ambiguities.