一次伴随强烈龙卷的强降水超级单体风暴研究

利用徐州多普勒天气雷达、常规观测和地面加密观测资料,对2005年7月30日发生在安徽北部的伴随强烈龙卷和暴雨的强降水超级单体风暴的环境条件和回波结构演变特征进行了详细分析。主要结果如下:（1）该强降水超级单体产生在中等大小的对流有效位能和较大的深层垂直风切变条件下,同时抬升凝结高度很低,边界层内的低层垂直风切变很大,地面存在阵风锋。上述中等程度的对流有效位能值和大的深层垂直风切变有利于超级单体风暴的产生,而大的低层垂直风切变、低的抬升凝结高度和地面阵风锋的存在有利于F2级以上强龙卷的产生。（2）该超级单体的演化可以归结为“带状回波－典型强降水超级单体－弓形回波” 三个阶段。在带状回波阶段,该超级单体的发展从一条狭长对流雨带的变短变粗开始,雨带中间的对流单体内首先有中气旋发展,从4 km左右高度首先出现,然后同时向上和向下发展,前侧入流缺口变得明显,接着雨带南端的单体中也有中气旋发展。在典型强降水超级单体阶段, 雨带南端单体逐渐与中间单体合并,构成一个庞大深厚的强降水超级单体和被包裹在其中的直径12 km左右、深厚强烈的中气旋,然后由于后侧入流的开始出现,低层回波形态层演变为“S”形,而中层回波呈现为螺旋型。（3）龙卷出现在“S” 形回波阶段,在龙卷出现前,有一个龙卷涡旋特征TVS（Tornadic Vortex Signature）出现在中气旋的中心,其对应的垂直涡度值估计为6.0×10-2s-1。龙卷地点上空有很强的风暴顶辐散, 散度值约为0.8×10-2s-1。弓形回波阶段的开始由在弓形回波北部逗点头回波的中心的另一个中气旋形成为标志,原有的中气旋位于弓形回波顶点附近,随后弓形回波的北宽南窄的不对称结构逐渐明显,原有的位于弓形回波顶点附近的中气旋消失, 并出现地面直线型风害。另外,还对此次过程中气旋产生和超级单体形态的演变的可能机制进行了探讨。     

分形理论在区域地质灾害预测中的应用

以青衣江Ⅲ级流域滑坡,泥石流的发育,分布规律为研究对象,引入分形理论,结合映射分析成果,初步提出了滑坡,泥石流评价预测的河谷形态分维模型,为开展区域地质灾害的评价预测提供新的途径和方法。     

惯量投影椭球在构造变形分析中的意义初探

本文讨论了一种新的数学工具,即惯量投影椭球（和椭圆）,在具有任意形状构造变形体的变形描述与应变分析中的意义。论证了在均匀的递进变形过程中,构造标志体惯量投影椭球的变形与其自身的变形保持一致,两者遵循同样的均匀变形方程。在进行构造变形描述和分析时,构造标志体形状与其惯量投影椭球是等效的。惯量投影椭球具有有限应变椭球相同的性质,可以用来描述任意形状构造标志体的变形,并可以替代具有任意形状构造标志体进行变形分析。先前适用于椭圆形标志体变形分析的方法均可应用于具有任意形状的构造标志体。这将为我们对具有任意形状的构造标志体变形的描述和分析提供方便和有用的数学工具。     

北京冬季降水粒子谱及其下落速度的分布特征

为了深入探讨北京冬季云降水的微物理特征,提高雷达反演冬季固态降水的精度和冬季降水的预报水平,利用PARSIVEL（Particle Size and Velocity）降水粒子谱仪所观测的冬季降水粒子谱,结合地面显微镜粒子图像和云雷达数据,对比分析了北京海坨山地区冬季过冷雨滴、霰粒、雪花、混合态降水的粒子谱和下落速度特征,得到主要结论如下:（1）霰粒降水过程的云顶最高,整层的含水量最大,低层的退偏振比（LDR）最小,粒子更接近于球形;降雪过程的云顶最低,云中含水量最少,低层的退偏振比较大;混合态降水过程的雷达回波强度和高度特征介于两者之间,但低层的退偏振比最大;（2）在云中上升或下沉气流及湍流的影响下,过冷雨滴、霰粒和雪的下落速度均对称分布于各自理论下落末速度曲线的两侧。因此可根据粒子浓度相对于其直径和速度分布的中轴线位置,判断出该段降水过程中的主要粒子形态;（3）冬季雪花、霰粒和混合态降水粒子下落速度分布的散度较雨滴更大,其原因是由于冷云降水过程的粒子形态复杂,且固态粒子下落过程中更容易受破碎、聚并和凇附等微物理过程影响;（4）在4种降水类型中,雪的平均直径和离散度最大,雨滴最小;混合态降水粒子的总数浓度最大,雨滴的总数浓度最低,并且4种降水类型的粒子数浓度、平均直径和离散度均随降水强度的增大而增大。      

利用阵列式位移传感系统进行地质灾害深部位移动态监测与分析

为了掌握地质灾害深部位移的变形规律,使用阵列式位移传感系统（SAA）对地质灾害不稳定体进行深部位移动态监测,并同时安装了测斜仪以进行比较分析。通过建立地质本构模型和进行"降雨-变形"模型分析,优化设计了监测线和监测点位。试验结果表明：在地质灾害监测中,使用阵列式位移传感系统进行滑坡体深部位移的监测,不仅能够实时监测到滑坡体深部位移的变形情况,还能判断出滑移面具体位置。相比于测斜仪监测,阵列式位移传感系统测量准确度更高,在滑坡地质灾害监测中有更好的应用范围和前景。     

山东半岛白沙滩及邻近海域沉积物分布与控制因素

对山东半岛白沙滩及邻近海域表层沉积物进行了粒度分析,结合相关的地质水文资料,探讨了海岸形态对沉积物粒度的影响.研究区底质类型以黏土质粉砂和砂质粉砂为主,由东北经古龙咀岬角向西南形成S形黏土质粉砂分布带,险岛湾地区沉积物呈带状由砂逐渐过渡到粉砂,潮汐和波浪是本区沉积物输运的主要水动力,岬角的存在影响了沉积物粒度的分布,粒度趋势分析表明沉积物整体有向岬角汇聚的输运趋势.     

Numerical modelling of railway ballast at the particle scale

The paper describes the development of a technique to simulate triaxial tests on specimens of railway ballast numerically at the particle scale and its validation with reference to physical test data. The ballast particles were modelled using potential particles and the well‐known discrete element method. The shapes of these elemental particles, the particle size distribution and the number of particles (N = 2800) in each numerical triaxial specimen all matched closely to the real ballast material being modelled. Confining pressures were applied to the specimen via a dynamic triangulation of the outer particle centroids. A parametric study was carried out to investigate the effects on the simulation of timestep, strain rate, damping, contact stiffness and inter‐particle friction. Finally, a set of parameters was selected that provided the best fit to experimental triaxial data, with very close agreement of mobilized friction and volumetric strain behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多孔可变临界孔隙度模型及储层孔隙结构表征

碳酸盐岩、致密砂岩和页岩等储层具有孔隙类型多样、孔隙结构复杂和非均质性强等特征,属于典型的多重孔隙储层,孔隙结构表征是多重孔隙储层预测和流体识别的关键.现有的孔隙结构表征方法大多利用孔隙纵横比或者构建一种新参数来描述孔隙结构.岩石临界孔隙度模型是一种常用的岩石物理模型,具有一定的物理意义和地质含义.本文推导了岩石临界孔隙度与岩石孔隙结构(孔隙纵横比)之间的关系,进而利用极化(形状)因子建立临界孔隙度与弹性参数之间的关系,构建了能够包含多种孔隙类型的多孔可变临界孔隙度模型.利用多孔可变临界孔隙度模型由储层的弹性参数反演不同孔隙类型的体积含量.实验室测量数据和实际测井数据表明,多孔可变临界孔隙度模型能够适用于多重孔隙储层岩石物理建模和孔隙结构表征.     

Harbour entrance morphology and sediments at a river mouth port,Westport, New Zealand

Entrance morphologies and sediment characteristics were studied at Westport Harbour, a river mouth port located on the Buller River, New Zealand. The most frequent morphology found was that in which two submarine bars were present off the river mouth. When present, these bars were separated by a transverse channel running east from Carters Beach and terminating in the principal inlet channel. Sediment samples were collected and analysed for grain size, reliability (grain shape), and, in a few instances, mineralogy. The data collected suggested that longshore sediment transport is predominantly west to east and that river derived sediment is deflected to the east. The inner bar is predominantly a littoral drift related event whereas the outer bar, which is composed mainly of littoral drifted sediment, forms as a submarine extension of Carters Beach. Both bars can be modified by floods in the river, although modification of the outer bar is much less frequent because of the very high river flows required. Sediment can bypass directly across the river mouth only when the inner bar is present. On other occasions bypassing can only occur by transport through the transverse channel or over the outer bar, into the river channel and then onshore.     

Shape from shading—a method of integration of sonar images and bathymetric data for ocean mapping

Shape from shading is one of the methods that derive geometric information of objects from analysis of monocular images. Application of this technique to underwater sonar images enables the conversion of imposed reflectance characteristics in sonar images to shape information, namely, slopes, about the seafloor surface. A combination of this shape information and available sparse distributed depth points results in improved dense bathymetric data.

The reconstruction of shape models of seafloor surfaces from sonar images is treated as an inverse problem and is solved by the regularization theory. Sparse gridded points are used for boundary constraints. The regularization is implemented as a relaxation procedure with a hierarchical structure of multiresolution grids.