新型形状记忆合金阻尼器的试验研究

本文在对形状记忆合金(SMA)的力学性能研究的基础上，设计和制造出一种性能良好的SMA阻尼器，介绍了其工作原理及有关试验结果，将该阻尼器安装在斜拉桥模型上，进行了斜拉桥模型振动试验。试验结果表明该阻尼器的耗能效果明显，在工程结构振动控制方面具有比较好的应用前景。     

Linear combinations of order statistics to estimate the position and scale parameters of the Generalized Pareto distribution

 Ad hoc techniques for estimating the position and the scale parameters of the Generalized Pareto distribution are introduced. The estimators proposed are simple linear combinations of the order statistics: they provide valuable estimates of the parameters of interest, both when the shape parameter is known and when it is unknown (this latter case being of great relevance in practical applications), and show a good performance as well when the sample size is small. The procedures are tested on simulated data, and comparisons with other techniques are shown.     

运动学涡度的理论与实践

一般剪切作用下,碎斑或顺剪切作用方向向前或逆向旋转向两特征方向或流脊(非旋转方向)靠拢。高应变条件下,二长比大于一特定值的碎斑,当其顺向或逆向旋转至以特征方向为渐近线的双曲线的稳定翼上时,便稳定下来不再旋转。二长比小于该值的碎斑将不断向前旋转。这一特定值位于该双曲线的顶点,相应的临界形态因子(B*)或/和两特征方向间夹角的余弦定义为运动学涡度(Wk)。Wk是确定一相关韧性变形带纯剪切和简单剪切组分相对大小的重要度量,是根据内旋转(涡度)与线应变速率之间的比值而定的数值度量。就变形带而言,一般剪切带的运动学涡度变化为0~1,纯剪切为零,简单剪切为1。这是一非线性尺度,纯剪切和简单剪切各占50%的运动学涡度为0.71,而不是0.5。运动学涡度可通过计算、图解(双曲线网(PHD)、刚性颗粒网(RGN)法、Passchier图解、Wallis图解)、极摩尔圆法和应力或瞬时增量应变方向获得。运动学涡度与有限应变测量相结合很可能是估算一地地壳减薄/伸展量或增厚/缩短量的最佳途径。变形过程中运动学涡度很可能变化,应根据不同时期形成的构造获得相应时期的运动学涡度。     

基于轮廓的侧扫声呐图像配准

针对侧扫声呐图像存在局部畸变,导致共视目标不一致的问题,本文提出了一种基于轮廓的侧扫声呐图像配准方法。首先提取图像中目标轮廓并计算每个轮廓点的环境上下文描述,以环境上下文的χ²检验统计量作为代价函数;然后通过使得所有匹配点对的代价和最小,获得轮廓点的对应关系;最后使用正则化的薄板样条函数对图像变换关系求解,建立轮廓内部像素的对应关系。试验结果表明,本文方法能够较好地保证共视目标的一致性,具有一定的借鉴价值。     

Experimental investigation of three-dimensional earth pressure according to aspect ratio of retaining wall

The purpose of this study is to investigate the scale and load distribution of three-dimensional active earth pressure and the load transferred to the adjacent soil by changing the aspect ratio of a retaining wall through a series of model tests. In this research, 42 earth pressure plates of different heights and widths were installed to evaluate the earth pressures by considering the wall aspect ratio and the change of earth pressure. The test results showed that the active earth pressures were uniformly converged when the percentage of limit displacement against wall height was 0.12%. The distribution of active earth pressure on the wall showed a parabola shape for most aspect ratios while the wedge shape identified by the model test was similar to the shell-shaped model. In this paper, two diagrams were proposed regarding the active earth pressure according to the aspect ratio of a retaining wall; (1) a diagram of earth pressure conversion against the aspect ratio based on evaluated three-dimensional active earth pressures with traditional two-dimensional earth pressures, (2) a load transfer diagram based on the horizontal distance by analyzing the horizontal and vertical load transfer ranges with the relevant increasing rates.     

EFFECT OF SHAPE ON INCIPIENT MOTION OF SEDIMENT PARTICLES

IINTRODUCTIONItisveryoftentoobservegravelpericlesinformofimbricateclustersonmountainousriverbeds.Theparticleassemblagesareonaveragethreetosixparticlesinlengthandformassingle,highlyimbricatedlongitUdinalthreads.Theyneednotconsistofthelargestmaterialonthebed,eventhoughthisispredominantlythecase(DeJongandErgenzinger,1995).Theyaredifferentiatedintermsofshape,numberandarrangementofparticles,butmostlythelengthandthewidthoftheparticlesareafewtimesofthethickness.Willettsetal.(1982)investigatedt…     

Information theory measures for the engineering validation of ground‐motion simulations

This short communication introduces a quantitative approach for the engineering validation of ground‐motion simulations based on information theory concepts and statistical hypothesis testing. Specifically, we use the Kullback‐Leibler divergence to measure the similarity of the probability distributions of recorded and simulated ground‐motion intensity measures (IMs). We demonstrate the application of the proposed validation approach to ground‐motion simulations computed by using a variety of methods, including Graves and Pitarka hybrid broadband, the deterministic composite source model, and a stochastic white noise finite‐fault model. Ground‐motion IMs, acting as proxies for the (nonlinear) seismic response of more complex engineered systems, are considered herein to validate the considered ground‐motion simulation methods. The list of considered IMs includes both spectral‐shape and duration‐related proxies, shown to be the optimal IMs in several probabilistic seismic demand models of different structural types, within the framework of performance‐based earthquake engineering. The proposed validation exercise (1) can highlight the similarities and differences between simulated and recorded ground motions for a given simulation method and/or (2) allow the ranking of the performance of alternative simulation methods. The similarities between records and simulations should provide confidence in using the simulation method for engineering applications, while the discrepancies should help in improving the tested method for the generation of synthetic records.     

基于SMA连接件的半刚接钢框架-混凝土墙结构滞回性能试验研究

针对半刚接钢框架-混凝土墙(PSRCW)结构中连接件易发生疲劳断裂的问题,利用形状记忆合金(SMA)制成连接件并将其应用到PSRCW结构中。对4个2层单跨PSRCW结构试件在水平低周往复荷载作用下的抗震性能进行了试验研究。根据试验现象分析了各试件的受力破坏过程,研究了连接件类型、尺寸和布置位置对各试件的滞回性能、耗能能力、强度、刚度、延性和变形恢复能力的影响。试验结果表明:基于SMA连接件的PSRCW结构整体性较好、耗能能力强、结构强度退化具有2个平台阶段、刚度退化较为缓慢、延性好和结构具有较强的变形恢复能力。同时,增大SMA连接件的直径可以提高结构的承载能力、初始刚度和延性;在框架梁柱与内填墙交界面间均布置SMA连接件时,结构整体性最好,强度退化缓慢,延性好。因此,将SMA连接件应用于PSRCW结构中,对于改善钢混组合结构的力学性能有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

新型自复位连梁阻尼器设计及其力学性能数值模拟研究

为改善高层建筑联肢剪力墙抗震性能,消除传统连梁阻尼器残余位移较大或等效阻尼比较小等问题,设计了一种兼具耗能和自复位功能的形状记忆合金粘弹性连梁阻尼器（Shape Memory Alloy Viscoelastic Coupling Beam Damper,SVCBD）,给出了新型连梁阻尼器的构造形式和工作原理。利用拉普拉斯变换得到的粘弹性材料粘性系数以及超弹性形状记忆合金（Shape Memory Alloy,SMA）本构模型,基于ABAQUS仿真平台建立了SVCBD精细有限元模型;对SVCBD滞回特性进行了模拟分析,并与普通粘弹性阻尼器进行了对比。考虑了SMA丝束初始预应力度、横截面总面积和粘弹性材料层剪切面积等参数对SVCBD滞回特性的影响。分析结果表明:与普通粘弹性连梁阻尼器（Viscoelastic Coupling Beam Damper,VCBD）相比,SVCBD滞回曲线更加饱满,耗能能力更强,残余位移减小,初始刚度也大大提高,具有很好的耗能和复位效果;SMA丝束初始预应力大小、横截面面积（即配置数量）和粘弹性材料层剪切面积均对SVCBD的耗能和复位能力具有明显的影响。     

临泽断裂新活动特征初步研究

临泽断裂在地貌上可见3条断层陡坎,总体走向NNW,最长约8 km,东侧和中间陡坎主体倾向E,西侧陡坎倾向W。①利用差分GPS对3条断层陡坎进行了详细的测量,发现临泽断层陡坎较低,局部发育多级断层陡坎,坡角较缓,高度几十厘米至1米多;②在临泽断裂上选取4个探槽剖面进行古地震分析、样品采集和年代测试,发现东侧和中间的断层陡坎为正断层所控制,西侧的断层陡坎为逆断层所控制;③探槽开挖揭露出晚更新世晚期以来,临泽断裂上发生过4次古地震事件,时间分别为(8 895±125)a B.P.之前、(7 245±75)a B.P.～(6 190±20)a B.P.、(5120±20)a B.P.～(4.8±0.5)ka和(2 550±50)a B.P.～(2 326±64)a;④全新世以来可以确定3次事件,较早一次事件与榆木山北缘断裂上较早一次古地震事件时间比较吻合,说明临泽断裂可能是榆木山断裂向河西走廊内部继续活动的延伸;最后一次古地震事件的离逝时间约为2 500 a,表明临泽断裂全新世活动一直比较强烈。