深圳海岸壶穴的形态及空间分布特征

对广东深圳西冲湾海滩东侧基岩海岸上壶穴的形态特征进行详细测量并对其位置和高程做三角高程测量。结合野外观测结果从经典统计学和空间统计学的角度定量地描述壶穴的形态和空间分布特征及其在基岩海岸发育过程中的地貌作用。研究得出以下结论：西冲海岸壶穴趋向形成于节理、断裂、层面等岩体软弱带,壶穴的形态和分布受这些软弱带控制,但形成于软弱带的具体位置却是随机的;西冲海岸壶穴的形成、扩大和加深实际上是对二级平台产生破坏,但壶穴以现代低潮线为下蚀极限;海岸壶穴是现代海岸动力侵蚀过程的产物,只要动力、岩石条件适合,壶穴随时都可形成;海岸壶穴的形态不仅与流水动力有关,而且与岩石硬度及壶穴发育过程有关;海岸壶穴与河流壶穴一样,可以在形成于各种类型的岩石,起源于各种各样的凹坑;海岸与河流的水动力差异导致了海岸壶穴和河流壶穴形态差异。     

强震作用下超高桥墩动力稳定性理论研究

根据平截面假定,考虑超高桥墩大位移变形产生的几何非线性影响,建立超高桥墩的振动控制微分方程,利用变步长的龙格-库塔法进行求解,结合B-R运动判定准则,对超高桥墩在地震作用下的动力失稳机理进行研究。理论分析表明,超高桥墩的动力失稳与桥墩的几何尺寸、质量分布、边界条件有密切关系;桥墩动力失稳时刻随地震波加速度峰值的增大而减小;失稳时刻与失稳加速度荷载有对应关系。算例结果表明:本文方法正确,利用本文理论能够准确计算超高桥墩的失稳时刻及失稳加速度,对超高桥墩动力失稳的理论分析及工程实践有重要指导意义。     

水力劈裂对岩体中自然裂纹的影响研究

建立了求解自然裂纹和水力裂纹扩展的扩展有限元法,对裂纹附近区域的节点采用广义形函数,并采用线增函数消除混合单元,以提高裂纹附近的精度。引入水力劈裂的非耦合模型,即假设裂纹中的水压力为均布力;用砂浆法（线段-线段接触法）结合增广型拉格朗日乘子法处理受压裂纹段的接触条件。并通过算例分析了以下内容：计算了受压裂纹和裂纹面分布均布水压力的水力裂纹的应力强度因子,并与解析解进行了比较,结果表明,提出的方法具有很高的精度;模拟了水力裂纹对自然裂纹面的影响,并分析了自然裂纹面上的接触力和接触状态。     

地震动力作用下土-地铁隧道模型分析

针对地铁建设中典型的马蹄形断面隧道建立比例尺为1∶20的分析模型,并采用数值分析方法研究马蹄形隧道处于单一土层及工程所处区域典型的成层土体中时的动力响应。分析结果表明,在单一土层中由于土体的约束作用,结构产生的位移以整体沉降为主,在成层土体中除产生一定的整体变形外还伴随一定的扭转变形。在两种地层情况下马蹄形地铁隧道在地震动力作用下的动力加速度响应、竖向位移均在拱顶处产生最大值,其中在单一土层中的加速度响应最大值为结构中部加速度的2.29倍。结构在顶部和侧板处所产生的动应力响应值也较大。研究表明,地震动力荷载作用下顶板、侧板均为受力较大部位,在设计和施工中应予以充分重视。     

基于弹性薄板的不规则采动地表沉陷预计模型

文章借助弹性薄板理论,建立地表沉陷变形的预计模型,并给出任意点地表变形的预计表达式。针对地下开挖空间形状的不规则性,推导出了水平空间、倾斜面空间以及不规则开挖空间：椭圆抛物面空间、二次柱面空间以及二次曲面空间地表沉陷的预计公式。本文的研究结果对该类开采沉陷问题的研究具有一定指导意义。     

GIS and remote sensing integration for environmental applications

Abstract

The combined use of remotely-sensed images and vector GIS data has received considerable interest in recent years. This review article discusses the historical move towards closer integration of remote sensing and GIS technologies and the requirements of integrated software systems to enable remotely-sensed data to be combined with vector datasets for maximum effect. The benefits of integration to users of both GIS and remote sensing for environmental applications are reviewed and some thoughts are given on terminology and future directions in this field.     

An object-based conceptual framework and computational method for representing and analyzing coastal morphological changes

This article presents an object-based conceptual framework and numerical algorithms for representing and analyzing coastal morphological and volumetric changes based on repeat airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) surveys. This method identifies and delineates individual zones of erosion and deposition as discrete objects. The explicit object representation of erosion and deposition zones is consistent with the perception and cognition of human analysts and geomorphologists. The extracted objects provide ontological and epistemological foundation to localize, represent, and interpret erosion and deposition patches for better coastal resource management and erosion control. The discrete objects are much better information carriers than the grid cells in the field-based representation of source data. A set of spatial and volumetric attributes are derived to characterize and quantify location, area, shape, orientation, depth, volume, and other properties of erosion and deposition objects. Compared with the conventional cell-by-cell differencing approaches, our object-based method gives a concise and high-level representation of information and knowledge about coastal morphological dynamics. The derived attributes enable the discrimination of true morphological changes from artifacts caused by data noise and processing errors. Furthermore, the concise object representation of erosion and deposition zones facilitates overlay analysis in conjunction with other GIS data layers for understanding the causes and impacts of morphological and volumetric changes. We have implemented a software tool for our object-based morphological analysis, which will be freely available for the public. An example is used to demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of this new method.     

A spectral gradient difference based approach for land cover change detection

Change detection with remotely sensed imagery plays an important role in land cover mapping, process analysis and dynamic information services. Euclidean distance, correlation and other mathematic metrics between spectral curves have been used to calculate change magnitude in most change detection methods. However, many pseudo changes would also be detected because of inter-class spectral variance, which remains a significant challenge for operational remote sensing applications. In general, different land cover types have their own spectral curves characterized by typical spectral values and shapes. These spectral values are widely used for designing change detection algorithms. However, the shape of spectral curves has not yet been fully considered. This paper proposes to use spectral gradient difference (SGD) to quantitatively describe the spectral shapes and the differences in shape between two spectra. Change magnitude calculated in the new spectral gradient space is used to detect the change/no-change areas. Then, a chain model is employed to represent the SGD pattern both qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally, the land cover change types are determined by pattern matching with the knowledgebase of reference SGD patterns. The effectiveness of this SGD-based change detection approach was verified by a simulation experiment and a case study of Landsat data. The results indicated that the SGD-based approach was superior to the traditional methods.     

基于Minexplorer软件的三维地质建模介绍

三维地质建模和可视化概念最早是由加拿大Houlding在1993年提出的。三维地质建模是指采用适当的数据结构在计算机中建立能反映地质构造的形态和各要素之间的关系以及地质体物理、化学属性空间分布等地质特征的数学模型。Minexplorer软件集高效快捷、地质分析自动化、二维GIS制图与三维可视化为一体,能对原始勘探资料和地质编录成果数字化,有效管理、分析地质勘探多元数据,可构建理想的三维勘探辅助决策模型,科学计算矿床资源储量、实现储量动态管理和计算机辅助制图。     

基于傅里叶描述子的高分辨率遥感图像 地物形状特征表达

本文在对傅里叶描述子进行归一化的基础上, 将该方法引入地物轮廓的形状特征描述中, 针对建筑物、 农田、道路和河道4 种典型地物, 分别从谱线特征、不同频段描述子对形状特征的贡献率、形状重构三个方面进行 分析, 结果表明, 在谱线图中, 直流分量对形状特征的贡献率在70%以上, 低频和高频成分共占7%—24%左右, 中 频成分的贡献率只有2%—4%左右, 仅低频成分(第1—5 项)便能够很好地进行地物形状重构。最后将第1—5 项描 述子应用到基于决策树的面向对象分类中, 得出实验区总体分类精度为98.48%