水源热泵系统中地下水流贯通及其对温度场的影响

利用含水层储能的一般特点,提出流贯通;分析流贯通和热贯通的相互作用、相互影响及对工程实际的意义;并基于地下水水热运移的基本原理,建立地下水流动和热量输运的耦合数值模型。在此基础上对沈阳某场地水源热泵工程的运行进行流场及温度场的数值模拟分析,给出产生流贯通的依据,即利用水力坡度定量的判断流贯通发生与否;当水力坡度变化非常小、可忽略不计时,认为含水层出现流贯通;进而研究抽、灌量对流贯通的影响,发现抽、灌量越大,则出现流贯通时间越短;而大量的抽、灌量更容易发生流贯通,进而会引起热贯通的发生。在实际工程中可降低抽、灌水量,在条件许可的情况下可提高抽、灌井的间距,并可在抽、灌井运行一个周期后调整抽灌井位置,以减少热贯通的发生。     

Precise temperature monitoring in boreholes: evidence for oscillatory convection? Part II: theory and interpretation

In the previous part of this work (Cermak, Safanda and Bodri, this volume p.MMM) we have described experimental data and quantified the heterogeneity features of the microtemperature time series. The spectral analysis and the local growth of the second moment technique revealed scaling structure of all observed time series generally similar and suggested the presence of two temperature forming processes. The longer-scale part can be attributed to the heat conduction in compositional and structural heterogeneous solid rocks, further affected by various local conditions. Short-scale temperature oscillations are produced by the intra-hole fluid convection due to inherent instability of water column filling the hole. Here we present how the observational evidence is supported by the results of the computer simulations. The exact modes of intra-hole convection may be different, ranging from quasi-periodic (“quiescent”) state to close of turbulence. As demonstrated by numerical modeling and referred on laboratory experiments, at higher Rayleigh numbers the periodic character of oscillation characteristic for “quiescent” regime is superseded by stochastic features. This so called “oscillatory” convection occurs due to instability within the horizontal boundary layers between the individual convectional cells. In spite of the fact that the basic convective cell motion is maintained and convection is characterized by slow motion, the oscillatory intra-hole flow and corresponding temperature patterns exhibit typical features of turbulence. The idea of boundary layer instability as a source of stochastic temperature fluctuations could explain many distinct features of borehole temperatures that previously cannot be interpreted.     

Interactive visualization of 3D mantle convection

The current availability of thousands of processors at many high performance computing centers has made it feasible to carry out, in near real time, interactive visualization of 3D mantle convection temperature fields, using grid configurations having 10–100 million unknowns. We will describe the technical details involved in carrying out this endeavor, using the facilities available at the Laboratory of Computational Science and Engineering (LCSE) at the University of Minnesota. These technical details involve the modification of a parallel mantle convection program, ACuTEMan; the usage of client–server socket based programs to transfer upwards of a terabyte of time series scientific model data using a local network; a rendering system containing multiple nodes; a high resolution PowerWall display, and the interactive visualization software, DSCVR. We have found that working in an interactive visualizastion mode allows for fast and efficient analysis of mantle convection results. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Mountain range specific analog weather forecast model for northwest Himalaya in India

Mountain range specific analog weather forecast model is developed utilizing surface weather observations of reference stations in each mountain range in northwest Himalaya (NW-Himalaya). The model searches past similar cases from historical dataset of reference observatory in each mountain range based on current situation. The searched past similar cases of each mountain range are used to draw weather forecast for that mountain range in operational weather forecasting mode, three days in advance. The developed analog weather forecast model is tested with the independent dataset of more than 717 days (542 days for Pir Panjal range in HP) of the past 4 winters (2003–2004 to 2006–2007). Independent test results are reasonably good and suggest that there is some possibility of forecasting weather in operational weather forecasting mode employing analog method over different mountain ranges in NW-Himalaya. Significant difference in overall accuracy of the model is found for prediction of snow day and no-snow day over different mountain ranges, when weather is predicted under snow day and no-snow day weather forecast categories respectively. In the same mountain range, significant difference is also found in overall accuracy of the model for prediction of snow day and no-snow day for different areas. This can be attributed to their geographical position and topographical differences. The analog weather forecast model performs better than persistence and climatological forecast for day-1 predictions for all the mountain ranges except Karakoram range in NW-Himalaya. The developed analog weather forecast model may help as a guidance tool for forecasting weather in operational weather forecasting mode in different mountain ranges in NW-Himalaya.     

考虑暴雨成因的大伙房水库洪水分类研究

暴雨洪水形成机制十分复杂,它既具有随机性,又具有确定性.可是现行的流域防洪调度设计中强调的是随机性,忽略了客观上存在的确定性,因此使得设计结果与实际脱节,不能充分发挥防洪与兴利效益.本文针对这一问题,考虑到特定流域内产生暴雨的天气系统所具有的相对稳定性规律,及其形成的暴雨洪水过程存在的确定性关系,以大伙房水库流域为例,归纳出依据暴雨成因对流域内洪水过程分类的方法.通过各类洪水过程线图及各类洪水过程相似性系数计算,证明了洪水过程分类的合理性.这种分类,对了解流域洪水规律,提高水库防洪能力、提高洪水资源利用率,及深入研究水库防洪分类预报调度方式设计具有重要的现实意义.     

大陆岩石圈对扩张机制的响应——辽蒙地质走廊中—新生代火山活动的时空分布

选择以辽西为中心,近东西向延伸800km的辽蒙地质走廊为研究区,通过年代学研究,确认130Ma以来的中、新生代火山活动对称分布的时空格局具有“中间老、两侧新”的特点,而且随着时间的推移,软流圈来源的岩浆向东西两侧侧向流动,岩浆来源不断加深。在此基础上提出“软流圈底辟体上涌和水平侧向流动”的模式。     

Plagioclase in the Skaergaard intrusion. Part 1: Core and rim compositions in the layered series

The anorthite content of plagioclase grains (X_An) in 12 rocks from the layered series of the Skaergaard intrusion has been studied by electron microprobe (typically ∼30 core and ∼70 rim analyses per thin section). Mean core compositions vary continuously from An₆₆ at the base of the layered series (LZa) to An_32–30 at the top. On the other hand, crystal rims are of approximately constant composition (An_{50 ± 1}) from the LZa to the lower Middle Zone (MZ). Above the MZ, core and rim compositions generally overlap. Profiles across individual plagioclase grains from the lower zone show that most crystals have an external zone buffered at X_An ∼50 ± 1. The simplest explanation for these features is that during postcumulus crystallization in the lower zone, interstitial liquids passed through a density maximum. This interpretation is consistent with proposed liquid lines of descent that predict silica enrichment of the liquid associated with the appearance of cumulus magnetite.     

气候变化对寒区水循环的影响研究进展

随着全球气候变暖,气候的变异性变得越来越极端,极端天气事件的频率和强度也在不断地上升.气候变化改变了水文循环,其变化趋势对世界水资源的管理提出了严峻的考验.气候变化对寒区水循环的影响包括对降水、蒸散发、径流、降雪与积雪面积、冰川和冻土等方面的影响: 近百年来,全球降水在波动中略有增加;在北半球水面蒸发量呈逐步减少的趋势,径流量及其时空分布发生了巨大变化;全球以积雪形式的降水越来越少,且积雪面积越来越小; 冰川出现加速退缩的现象.随着全球变暖,多年冻土融化,导致活动层厚度有明显增大趋势.所有现存的模型都表明了一个更暖的未来世界.为降低地球各圈层系统对气候变化的脆弱性,需要控制温室气体的排放,建立更精确的气候预测模型,提高水资源管理者的技术水平等手段来提高系统的适应能力,以解决人类的水资源需求问题.     

2017年6月大气环流和天气分析

2017年6月大气环流的主要特征是极涡偏强且呈单极型分布,中高纬环流呈多波型,西太平洋副热带高压强度较常年偏弱。6月全国平均气温20.3℃,较常年同期偏高0.3℃;全国平均降水量112.3 mm,比常年同期(99.3 mm)偏多13%,长江流域入梅时间较常年偏早。我国南方地区有6次区域性暴雨过程,部分地区暴雨洪涝重;与此同时,东北、华北等地少雨高温,干旱持续时间较长;月内今年第2号台风苗柏在广东深圳登陆;全国19个省（区、市）遭受风雹灾害。     

河南省冰雹短期预报方法研究

利用1999—2010年共45个冰雹日个例(全省同一天有≥2站出现冰雹),分析冰雹日高低空、地面形势特征和降雹落区,发现降雹与500 h Pa环流形势关系密切。因此依据冰雹日08时500 h Pa高空形势及对流层低层的特点,将河南省冰雹天气形势划分为西北气流型、东北冷涡型、华北冷涡型及低槽型4个天气类型,并依据不同的天气类型给出可能发生冰雹的大致落区。由于冰雹的形成除有利的天气形势背景条件外,还必须具备低层水汽辐合、大气不稳定层结、触发机制3个基本条件,因此本文进一步对河南省冰雹日当日500 h Pa低槽低涡位置、地面冷锋位置、地面温度、露点温度、探空资料等进行分月统计,获得冰雹预报的判别指标。基于以上条件,引进中国科学院大气物理研究所研发的完全弹性三维冰雹云模式,依据河南省内及周边的共7个探空站资料制作河南省的区域客观预报。通过4个月的业务应用,发现利用micaps实时资料并结合三维冰雹云模式来预报河南省的冰雹天气,空报率较高,漏报率较低,提高了冰雹的预报时效,为重点防雹作业区争取到了充分的作业准备时间。