基于de novo高通量测序的曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella japonica)ESTs中微卫星位点筛选与特征分析

对均一化转录组测序获得的47604个曼氏无针乌贼的微卫星序列进行分析,结果表明,乌贼转录组中微卫星位点丰富,每1402nt的EST中就有一段不小于12nt长度的微卫星序列。单碱基重复是EST微卫星序列的主要形式(38.69%),其次依次为三碱基(31.14%)、二碱基(26.35%)、四碱基(3.29%)、五碱基(0.38%)、六碱基(0.14%)重复,短序列类型占微卫星总量的96.18%。同碱基类型的微卫星序列组成又存在差异,AC(54.51%)和AG(31.22%)是最常见的二碱基重复序列;而AGC(16.37%)和AAC(14.06%)是最常见的三碱基重复序列。通过引物设计和体系优化,共筛选到了24对多态性微卫星位点,对来自福建漳州海域的35只野生曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella japonica)个体进行群体遗传学检测,结果表明,每个位点检测到的等位基因数3—10个不等(均值5.9个);平均杂合度观测值(Ho)和期望值(H_e)分别为0.518和0.681。除2个位点外所有位点的多态信息含量(PIC)都大于0.5。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检测表明,仅4个位点有显著偏离(P0.05),未检测到连锁不平衡现象。这表明转录组高通量测序技术适于乌贼微卫星位点的开发,获得的SSR标记可用于今后乌贼资源遗传评估和科学有效管理过程。     

Deltaic soil behavior classification using CPTu records—Proposed approach and applied to fifty-four case histories

For the past four decades, the CPT has played a key role in onshore and offshore soil investigations. One of the main applications of cone penetration test (CPT) is the soil behavioral classification. Most of the developed methods for soil identification using CPT and CPTu (piezocone) data are well categorized for common soils, such as clays, silts, and sands. Soils with low resistance or more compressibility generally involve problems in geotechnical engineering practice and construction projects. Consequently, these unusual deposits require further evaluation and more detailed data. Five major groups of problematic soils including: liquefiable, sensitive, peaty, collapsible, and expansive soils have been considered in this study. One hundred and forty CPT and CPTu test records were collected from fifteen countries. Sixty-one of the records are related to difficult soils. A brief comparison is performed for currently used soil behavioral classification charts, such as by Campanella et al. (1985 Campanella, R. G., P. K. Robertson, D. Gillespie, and J. Greig. 1985. Recent developments in in-situ testing of soils. Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, ICSMFE, San Francisco, Vol. 2, 849–54. [Google Scholar]), Robertson (1990 Robertson, P. K. 1990. Soil classification using the cone penetration test. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27 (1):151–58. doi:10.1139/t90–014[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Jefferies and Davies (1991 Jefferies, M. G., and M. P. Davies. 1991. Soil classification using the cone penetration test: Discussion. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28 (1):173–76. doi:10.1139/t91–023[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Eslami and Fellenius (1997 Eslami, A., and B. H. Fellenius. 1997. Pile capacity by direct CPT and CPTu methods applied to 102 case histories. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 34 (6):886–904. doi:10.1139/cgj-34–6-886[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Analysis based on CPT data indicates that a few commonly used charts recognize relatively well problematic deposits. However, further studies are needed to increase the accuracy and capability of methods. Existing charts have some problems due to the limitations of the nature of rectangular charts based on two axes. A new format of classification chart, i.e., triangular form containing cone tip resistance (q_c), sleeve friction (f_s), and pore pressure (u₂) is proposed for soil identification which can be realized in practice. The proposed chart with more accuracy and less scattering of data than the previous charts is able to identify soil types particularly for deltaic soils.     

基于GF-1卫星数据的面向对象的民勤绿洲植被分类研究

以民勤绿洲为研究区,以GF-1遥感影像为数据源,采用面向对象的分类方法,结合分层技术,对影像逐级进行分类,以获取植被信息。根据归一化植被指数（NDVI）阈值区分植被与非植被,分割尺度为10;使用归一化水体指数（NDWI）阈值提取非植被中的水体,分割尺度为35;利用野外采样点获取的训练样本,将植被进一步分为耕地、林地和草地,分割尺度为25。总体分类精度达到83.02%,Kappa系数为0.745 1,比较基于象元的监督分类,其总体分类精度为69.37%,Kappa系数为0.497 0,表明面向对象的分类方法在干旱区绿洲植被信息的提取上较传统的基于象元的分类方法更有优势,分类精度更高。     

不同气候带的河道与沙丘分布格局及其类型划分

风水交互作用是干旱区常见的地貌现象和重要的地表过程,干旱区河流通过提供物源和场所控制沙漠分布的格局,沙漠分布与风沙活动制约河道发育和泥沙输移,在不同时空尺度表现不一,但关于二者交互作用的分类处于探索阶段,尚未形成分类体系,尤其在地貌格局分类上多为定性描述。因此,自西向东选择位于3个气候带的中国西部克里雅河、中部毛不拉格孔兑以及东部西拉木伦河,利用遥感影像解译获取河道与沙丘信息,探讨近源沙丘的分布与河型之间的组合关系。结果表明：河型、河流流向与风向之间的关系、水文以及距离河道的远近影响河道与沙丘组合的地貌格局;在河道-沙丘尺度上,划分为弯曲河道-对称式边滩沙丘、顺直河道-边滩沙丘、分汊河道-心滩式沙丘、网状河道-格状镶嵌式沙丘4种类型。     

Automatic mapping of lunar landforms using DEM-derived geomorphometric parameters

Developing approaches to automate the analysis of the massive amounts of data sent back from the Moon will generate significant benefits for the field of lunar geomorphology. In this paper, we outline an automated method for mapping lunar landforms that is based on digital terrain analysis. An iterative self-organizing (ISO) cluster unsupervised classification enables the automatic mapping of landforms via a series of input raster bands that utilize six geomorphometric parameters. These parameters divide landforms into a number of spatially extended, topographically homogeneous segments that exhibit similar terrain attributes and neighborhood properties. To illustrate the applicability of our approach, we apply it to three representative test sites on the Moon, automatically presenting our results as a thematic landform map. We also quantitatively evaluated this approach using a series of confusion matrices, achieving overall accuracies as high as 83.34% and Kappa coefficients (K) as high as 0.77. An immediate version of our algorithm can also be applied for automatically mapping large-scale lunar landforms and for the quantitative comparison of lunar surface morphologies.     

冰后期以来长江水下三角洲层序地层特征及沉积环境演化*

长江水下三角洲层序地层学研究有助于全面了解长江三角洲地层特征和沉积环境演化模式。通过对长江水下三角洲下切河谷区YD0901和YD0903孔岩心的详细沉积物粒度、特征元素比值(Cl/Ti和Zr/Rb)、沉积相对比分析,恢复了冰后期以来长江水下三角洲层序地层格架。研究区冰后期以来自下而上依次出现河流相、潮汐河流相、河口湾相、浅海相和三角洲相的沉积相序。末次冰期海平面下降,古长江形成下切河谷,古河间地发育硬黏土层,构成五级Ⅰ型层序界面。之后海平面回升,分别于15 cal ka BP和8.0 cal ka BP形成最大海退和最大海侵界面,水下三角洲区域最大海侵发生时间略滞后于平原区,约为7.5 cal ka BP。据此3个层序界面将冰后期地层划分为低位体系域、海侵体系域和高位体系域。钻孔岩心记录揭示了14.8 cal ka BP海侵到达研究区;14.8~13 cal ka BP期间,受MWP-1A冰融水事件影响海平面快速上升,海岸线向陆推进速率可达71.9,km/ka;海退期间各钻孔沉积速率较低,直至2 cal ka BP开始,沉积速率明显增加。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界层序地层格架及含气砂体沉积演化特征*

鄂尔多斯盆地长期存在“南油北气”的固有认识,晚古生代早期砂体不发育与分布规律不清的认识,长期制约了盆地东南部天然气勘探开发的步伐。因此,加强盆地东南部上古生界煤系含气地层地质方面的研究、尤其是层序地层与储集砂体成因研究,对进一步增储上产具有重要理论与实践意义。作者采用Vail经典层序地层理论与方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界进行层序地层研究: 首先对层序界面进行识别,以岩性、旋回和沉积特征变化作为识别依据,并提出二级层序界面上下岩性组合变化巨大、二级界面之上叠置的低位砂厚度巨大的观点,共将本溪组—石盒子组划分为3个二级层序,11个三级层序;其次根据层序内部砂体堆积、迁移样式对体系域进行了划分。通过大量钻井的层序单元追踪对比与岩心精细描述,重点分析层序格架内主要含气层段本溪组、山西组及盒8段储集砂体的空间叠置关系,结合不同时期基准面旋回变化及其形成机制对其进行探讨,认为优势含气层段储集层中本2段具有障壁迁移、毯式连通,山2段具有低位控砂、面线连通,山1段具有侧向迁移、接触式连通,盒8段具有迁摆叠置、多向连通的特点。     

川中磨溪—高石梯地区下寒武统龙王庙组层序格架内滩体的发育演化特征及对储层的控制

川中磨溪—高石梯地区龙王庙组可划分为两个三级层序。通过大量岩心、薄片以及测井资料综合分析,磨溪—高石梯地区龙王庙期整体属于局限台地沉积,可划分为台内滩、滩间洼地以及潟湖亚相。以台内滩颗粒含量、沉积构造以及单层滩体沉积厚度为基础,结合测井响应特征分析,将台内滩划分为滩核、滩翼以及白云岩坪等微相,并建立了台内滩的3种典型沉积序列:滩翼—滩核—白云岩坪、潟湖—滩间洼地—台内滩,以及滩间洼地—台内滩。层序格架内台内滩的纵横向发育特征表明:SQ_2时期较SQ_1时期更为发育,滩体单层厚度和总厚度均较大,层序界面附近的滩核—白云岩坪沉积序列上部为最有利的储层发育相带。     

Phytoplankton,macrophytes and benthic diatoms in lake classification: Consistent,congruent, redundant? Lessons learnt from WFD-compliant monitoring in Poland

The lake monitoring programme compliant with the Water Framework Directive has been implemented in Poland since 2007. Currently, the methods for three biological quality elements (BQEs): phytoplankton (the Phytoplankton Multimetric for Polish Lakes, PMPL), macrophytes (the Ecological State Macrophyte Index, ESMI) and phytobenthos (the Diatom Index for Lakes, IOJ) are officially applied and internationally intercalibrated. Based on the monitoring data from 256 lakes surveyed in 2010–2013 and assessed for all the three BQEs, we tested whether the assessment results obtained by the three biological methods were consistent and we searched for the causes of inconsistencies which we found. The lake classifications obtained from the PMPL and ESMI were highly consistent and the relationship between these metrics was relatively strong (R = 0.66, p < 0.001). Both metrics correlated equally strongly with water quality indicators. However, the PMPL and ESMI indicated systematic dissimilarities in the sensitivity to eutrophication between shallow and deep lakes. In shallow lakes, the alarming symptoms of macrophyte community deterioration (lower values of ESMI) occurred at lower nutrient and Chla concentrations and were accompanied by a better status of phytoplankton (higher values of PMPL) than in deep lakes that can be explained by a synergistic effect of inorganic suspended solids and algal growth on water transparency. As a consequence, the positions of phytoplankton and macrophytes as early warning indicators in the eutrophication gradient in shallow lakes were inverted compared to those in deep lakes. Compared to the PMPL and ESMI, the IOJ method gave the least stringent assessment results, with 22% of lakes failing to meet the environmental objectives. The relationships between IOJ and PMPL, and ESMI were relatively weak (R = 0.17, p = 0.008 and R = 0.17, p = 0.007, respectively). Moreover, the phytobenthos index IOJ correlated significantly more weakly with all the water quality indicators than either PMPL or ESMI did. The poor performance of the phytobenthos method in this study may suggest a limited indicator value of this BQE for lake assessment or inappropriate sampling design.     

2013年川滇交界香格里拉—得荣震群序列的重新定位、震源机制及发震构造

2013年8月28日和31日四川得荣县与云南德钦县、香格里拉县交界地区分别发生MS5.2和MS5.9地震.这两次主震连同截至2013年12月31日发生的589次M≥1.5余震,构成香格里拉—得荣震群序列.该序列的震区位于青藏高原东南隅横断山脉的三江构造带地区,地处川滇菱形块体西边界,当地有多组交错的活动断裂.为了了解这一震群序列的震源构造特征以及震区的构造动力环境,我们利用区域地震台网的数字波形资料以及中国地震台网中心的有关震相数据,建立了分区速度结构模型;使用Loc3D(川滇走时表定位软件)重新测定该震群序列中10次MS4.0地震的位置,利用双差法对该序列中的更小地震进行重新定位;同时,采用地震矩张量的时间域反演方法获得10次MS4.0地震震源机制的矩张量解.重新定位结果显示:香格里拉—得荣震群序列的绝大部分地震发生在NW向德钦—中甸—大具断裂中段7~15km深度的基底层,整个序列的震源分布长度约17km,横向宽度约7km;震源分布在横剖面表现为负花状构造的断裂带内,其中,NE倾向的主干活动断裂及其北东侧一条SW倾向的次级断裂分别控制该负花状构造的两个侧边.本研究反演得到的震源机制解显示:该序列所有MS4.0地震均是德钦—中甸—大具断裂中段在近S-N向—NNE-SSW向拉张作用下的正断层作用的结果,右旋走滑作用并不明显.这与该断裂晚第四纪活动的地质地貌特征—右旋走滑为主、正断倾滑为辅—并不吻合.这种不一致可能暗示震区的现今构造运动与以往有所不同,为进一步研究青藏亚板块东南隅与缅甸亚板块以及印度板块交界地区的现今构造动力学提出了问题与线索.