解决语义悖论的振荡周期函数模型--一种对语义悖论的可能解释

通过对悖论性命题的仔细分析，发现这些命题的真值会发生周期性的变化。因此，将振荡周期函数纳入语形学，以便从形式上揭示悖论性命题真假周期性过渡这种对立统一结构，再纳入动态蒙太格赋予振荡函数里的变元以意义，这样就从语形、语义、语用的角度构建了一种动态语义模型，从而达到消解语义悖论的目的。     

Transit station or destination? Attendance patterns,movements and abundance estimate of humpback whales off west South Africa from photographic and genotypic matching

Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae found off west South Africa (WSA) are known to display an atypical migration that may include temporary residency and feeding during spring and summer. At a regional scale there is uncertainty about how these whales relate to the greater West African Breeding Stock B as a whole, with evidence both for and against its division into two substocks. A database containing sighting information of humpback whales intercepted by boat in the WSA region from 1983 to 2008 was compiled. It included a total of 1 820 identification images of ventral tail flukes and lateral views of dorsal fins. After systematic within- and between-year matching of images of usable quality, it yielded 154 different individuals identified by tail flukes (TF), 230 by left dorsal fins (LDF), and 237 by right dorsal fins (RDF). Microsatellite (MS) matching of 216 skin biopsies yielded 156 individuals. By linking all possible sightings of the same individuals using all available identification features, the periodicity and seasonality of 281 individual whales were examined. In all, 60 whales were resighted on different days of which 44 were between different calendar years. The most resightings for one individual was 11 times, seen in six different years, and the longest interval between first and last sightings was about 18 years. A resighting rate of 15.6% of whales at intervals of a year or more indicates long-term fidelity to the region. Shorter intervals of 1–6 months between sequential sightings in the same year may suggest temporary residency. The TF image collection from WSA was compared to TF collections from four other regions, namely Gabon, Cabinda (Angola), Namibia and the Antarctic Humpback Whale Catalogue (AHWC). Three matches were detected between WSA (in late spring or summer) and Gabon (in winter), confirming direct movement between these regions. The capture–recapture data of four different identification features (TF, RDF, LDF and MS) from six successive subsets of data from periods with the highest collection effort (2001–2007) were used to calculate the number of whales that utilise the region, using both closed- and open-population models. Dorsal fins have never been used to estimate abundance for humpback whales, so the different identification features were evaluated for potential biases. This revealed 9–14% incidence of missed matches (false negatives) when using dorsal fins that would result in an overestimate, whereas variation in individual fluke-up behaviour may lower estimates by as much as 57–66% due to heterogeneity of individual capture probability. Taking into consideration the small dataset and low number of recaptures, the most consistent and precise results were obtained from a fully time-dependent version of the Jolly-Seber open-population model, with annual survival fixed at 0.96, using the MS dataset. This suggests that the WSA feeding assemblage during the months of spring and summer (September–March) of the study period numbered about 500 animals. The relationship of these whales to those (perhaps strictly migratory) that may occur in other seasons of the year, and their links to possible migratory routes and other feeding or breeding areas, remain uncertain.     

A practical method for identifying parameters in the seismic design of embankments

The effect of heterogeneity of soils on a seismic design procedure based on residual displacement according to safety factors is examined. Although soils are heterogeneous in nature, at present the seismic designs of embankments implement the assumption that soils are homogeneous. In this study, a seismic reliability analysis using a Monte Carlo simulation and considering the heterogeneity of soil strength was applied to the Newmark sliding block method. The data of the analysis in this study were based on in-situ soil test results of actual airport embankments. This paper indicates a rational and practical approach to modifying the actual heterogeneous soil conditions into homogeneous design parameters for the Newmark sliding block method in homogeneous ground conditions.     

储层构型研究进展与展望

本文从储层构型概念出发,概括了国内学者对河流相、冲积扇、三角洲等不同沉积领域的储层构型研究方法和取得的成果,并在此基础上了归纳总结了现阶段储层构型研究所遇到问题,最后针对目前的研究现状和存在的问题,指出了储层构型研究的发展趋势,这将对研究储层非均质性、剩余油分布及提高油气采收率等具有十分重要意义。     

Dynamic Earth: crustal and mantle heterogeneity

The dynamic processes within the Earth leave their record in geophysical and geochemical variation about the general stratification with depth. A snapshot of current structure is provided by geophysical evidence, whereas geochemical information provides a perspective over the age of the Earth. The combination of information on the distribution of heterogeneity from geophysical and geochemical sources provides enhanced insight into likely geodynamic processes. A variety of techniques can be used to examine crustal structure, but the major source of information on seismic heterogeneity within the Earth comes from tomographic studies, exploiting surface waves for the lithosphere and body waves for the bulk Earth. A powerful tool for examining the character of mantle heterogeneity is the comparison of images of bulk-sound and shear-wave speed extracted in a single inversion, since this isolates the dependencies on the elastic moduli. Such studies are particularly effective when a common path coverage is achieved for P and S as, for example, when common source and receiver pairs are extracted for arrival times of the phases. The relative behaviour of the bulk-sound and shear-wave speeds allows the definition of heterogeneity regimes. For subduction zones, a large part of the imaged structure comes from S-wave speed variations. The narrow segments of fast wave speeds in the lower mantle, in the depth range 900 – 1500 km, are dominated by S variations, with very little bulk-sound contribution, so images of P-wave speed are controlled by shear-wave variability. Deep in the mantle, there are many features with high seismic-wave speed without an obvious association with subduction in the last 100 million years, which suggests long-lived preservation of components of the geodynamic cycle. The base of the Earth's mantle is a complex zone with widespread indications of heterogeneity on many scales, discontinuities of variable character, and shear-wave anisotropy. Discordance between P- and S-wave speed anomalies suggests the presence of chemical heterogeneity rather than just the effect of temperature.     

基于OSG的农作物三维模型生长过程的可视化方法研究

针对农业三维可视化技术的局限性,本文利用过程语义分析农作物在生长周期中循环演变的机理,通过对农作物各个生长周期分别构建OSG模型,结合ADO对象获取模型渲染属性数据,利用OSG多重渲染技巧实现对三维农田模型的完整化、精细化和多层次化展现。展示了农作物在不同生长周期的OSG三维渲染模型。     

Vulnerability of water resources and its spatial heterogeneity in Haihe River Basin,China

To manage water resources effectively, a multiscale assessment of the vulnerability of water resources on the basis of political boundaries and watersheds is necessary. This study addressed issues on the vulnerability of water resources and provided a multiscale comparison of spatial heterogeneity under a climate change background. Using improved quantitative evaluation methods of vulnerabil- ity, the Theil index and the Shannon-Weaver index, we evaluated the vulnerability of water resources and its spatial heterogeneity in the Haihe River Basin in four scales, namely, second-class water resource regions （Class II WRRs）, third-class water resource regions （Class III WRRs）, Province-Class II WRRs, and Province-Class III WRRs. Results show that vulnerability enhances from the north to south in the different scales, and shows obvious spatial heterogeneity instead of moving toward convergence in multiscale assessment results. Among the Class II WRRs, the Tuhai-Majia River is the most vulnerable area, and the vulnerability of the Luanhe River is lower than that of the north of the Haihe River Basin, which in turn is lower than that of the south of the Haihe River Basin. In the scales of Class III WRRs and Province-Class III WRRs, the vulnerability shows obvious spatial heterogeneity and diversity measured by the Theil index and the Shannon-Weaver index. Multiscale vulnerability assessment results based on political boundaries and the watersheds of the Haihe River Basin innovatively provided in this paper are important and useful to characterize the real spatial pattern of the vulnerability of water resources and improve water resource management.     

一种面向对象的遥感图像多尺度分割方法

在分水岭分割算法的基础上,分析了分割后各个对象的性质及特点;在初分割的基础上,建立了各个对象之间的拓扑关系;再运用异质性最小的方法实现了区域合并,最终实现了图像的多尺度分割。