贵阳乌当上古生界的海侵—海退层序

在位于上扬子古陆边缘的贵阳乌当泥盆纪至石炭纪剖面上, 泥盆系包括蟒山群碎屑岩和高坡场组白云岩, 其中可以识别出 5个三级层序; 石炭系至二叠系船山统包括祥摆组、旧司组、上司组、摆佐组、黄龙组、马平组和梁山组,其中祥摆组和梁山组为含煤碎屑岩系地层, 其余各组为碳酸盐岩地层, 可以划分出 5个三级层序。与贵州南部至广西一带较为完整的泥盆系和石炭系相对比(泥盆系包含 13个三级层序,石炭系至二叠系船山统包含 6个三级层序 ), 贵阳乌当剖面以较薄的地层厚度和较多的三级层序的缺失为特征, 成为间断大于沉积的典型地层代表, 这是由于古陆边缘海退作用的沉积响应大于海侵作用所致。石炭纪与二叠纪过渡时期的大幅度慢速海侵作用改变了这种局面, 同邻区一样研究区域也进入了大片海域发育的时期, 所以阳新统和乐平统的层序大致与贵州南部至广西一带相近, 这是由于与相应的三级海平面上升相关的大幅度慢速海侵作用的结果。     

国道108线广元段公路桥梁裂缝病害及加固对策

国道108线广元段由于地质地貌条件复杂、重载作用及施工质量未能保证，桥梁裂缝病害较为普遍。文章简要介绍了沿线工程地质条件，按裂缝病害的成因将其分为3种类型：即桥台填土上部不密实引起的裂缝病害、桥台填土整体不密实引起的裂缝病害及地基土不均匀引起的裂缝病害。分别提出3种加固对策：即压浆、预应力对穿锚索锚梁及高压旋喷技术对上述病害进行治理。通过工程实例证明了这3种措施的有效性，为公路桥梁类似裂缝灾害提供了实践经验。这3种治理措施的优点为工艺简单、成本较低。但是桥梁病害的治理往往为隐蔽工程，施工难度较大、检测困难。对于压浆和高压旋喷加固工程，必须进行取芯检测，而预应力对穿锚索锚梁在施工过程中必须严格控制水平孔的倾斜度，保证施工质量。     

基于DSM阴影仿真和高度场光线跟踪的影像阴影检测

介绍了一个建筑物阴影检测的模型。首先利用摄影测量学原理来计算阴影坐标。即用数字表面模型(digitalsurfacemodel,缩写为DSM)和太阳高度和方位来计算建筑物阴影的空间坐标,并由相机模型计算出每个阴影单元对应的扫描行和相机空间坐标。由高度场光线跟踪判断阴影的可见性,对可见阴影计算出它在投影图像上的坐标。然后在这个结果的基础上再对图像进行阴影的细分割。     

基于地表定量参数的沙漠化遥感监测方法

利用野外沙漠化调查的定位数据和ETM+ 遥感数据，在实验分析的基础上，探讨了沙漠化程度与地表参数之间的定量关系，即沙漠化与植被指数（NDVI）、地表辐射温度（LST）之间的关系，提出了综合反映沙漠化土地生物物理特征的遥感监测指数——沙漠化遥感监测差值指数（DDI），为沙漠化遥感监测提供有效的定量化方法。     

Outlier detection algorithms and their performance in GOCE gravity field processing

The satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE mark the beginning of a new era in gravity field determination and modeling. They provide unique models of the global stationary gravity field and its variation in time. Due to inevitable measurement errors, sophisticated pre-processing steps have to be applied before further use of the satellite measurements. In the framework of the GOCE mission, this includes outlier detection, absolute calibration and validation of the SGG (satellite gravity gradiometry) measurements, and removal of temporal effects. In general, outliers are defined as observations that appear to be inconsistent with the remainder of the data set. One goal is to evaluate the effect of additive, innovative and bulk outliers on the estimates of the spherical harmonic coefficients. It can be shown that even a small number of undetected outliers (<0.2 of all data points) can have an adverse effect on the coefficient estimates. Consequently, concepts for the identification and removal of outliers have to be developed. Novel outlier detection algorithms are derived and statistical methods are presented that may be used for this purpose. The methods aim at high outlier identification rates as well as small failure rates. A combined algorithm, based on wavelets and a statistical method, shows best performance with an identification rate of about 99%. To further reduce the influence of undetected outliers, an outlier detection algorithm is implemented inside the gravity field solver (the Quick-Look Gravity Field Analysis tool was used). This results in spherical harmonic coefficient estimates that are of similar quality to those obtained without outliers in the input data.     

Development of a remotely sensed,historical land-cover change database for rural Chihuahua,Mexico

The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a remotely sensed, historical land-cover change database for the northwestern quarter of Chihuahua, Mexico, The database consists of multi-temporal land-cover classifications and change detection images. The database is developed to facilitate future investigations that examine urban–rural linkages as possible drivers of rural land-use and land-cover changes. To develop the needed land-cover change database, this study uses the North American Landsat Characterization (NALC) MSS triplicates because of their temporal depth and spatial breadth. Challenges exist, however, to effective classification and change detection using the NALC triplicates, including illumination differences across multiple scenes and periods caused by topographic and solar variations and the lack of ground reference data for historic periods. Therefore, creation of the database is a four step process. First, extensive pre-processing is performed to enhance comparability of multi-date images. Pre-processing includes topographic correction, mosaic creation and multi-date radiance normalization. Second, ancillary sources of land-cover data are combined with visual interpretations of enhanced images to define reference pixels used to classify the images using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Third, classification accuracy is assessed. Fourth, post-classification change detection is performed. Results indicate significant image improvements after pre-processing that permit very good overall classification (86.26% classified correctly) and change detection. To conclude, findings are presented that indicate significant changes to arid grasslands/shrublands and forest resources in mountainous regions.     

暴雨时程方程在中吉乌铁路(中国段)暴雨估算中的应用

根据中吉乌铁路（中国段）沿线10多个气象水文观测站40多年（建站至2000年）各历时最大降水量资料，对中吉乌铁路（中国段）暴雨强度进行系统的研究。应用熵气象学导出的暴雨时程方程，预测了中吉乌铁路（中国段）各历时最大降水量。这对于中吉乌铁路（中国段）工程设计和施工及未来铁路客运等具有重要的科学意义和工程价值。     

Particle size dependent response of aerosol counters

During an international workshop at the Institute for Experimental Physics of the University of Vienna, Austria, which was coordinated within the Committee on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols (IAMAS-IUGG), 10 instruments for aerosol number concentration measurement were studied, covering a wide range of methods based on various different measuring principles. In order to investigate the detection limits of the instruments considered with respect to particle size, simultaneous number concentration measurements were performed for monodispersed aerosols with particle sizes ranging from 1.5 to 50 nm diameter and various compositions.The instruments considered show quite different response characteristics, apparently related to the different vapors used in the various counters to enlarge the particles to an optically detectable size. A strong dependence of the 50% cutoff diameter on the particle composition in correlation with the type of vapor used in the specific instrument was found. An enhanced detection efficiency for ultrafine hygroscopic sodium chloride aerosols was observed with water operated systems, an analogous trend was found for n-butanol operated systems with nonhygroscopic silver and tungsten oxide particles.     

Structural damage detection using the optimal weights of the approximating artificial neural networks

This work presents a novel neural network‐based approach to detect structural damage. The proposed approach comprises two steps. The first step, system identification, involves using neural system identification networks (NSINs) to identify the undamaged and damaged states of a structural system. The partial derivatives of the outputs with respect to the inputs of the NSIN, which identifies the system in a certain undamaged or damaged state, have a negligible variation with different system errors. This loosely defined unique property enables these partial derivatives to quantitatively indicate system damage from the model parameters. The second step, structural damage detection, involves using the neural damage detection network (NDDN) to detect the location and extent of the structural damage. The input to the NDDN is taken as the aforementioned partial derivatives of NSIN, and the output of the NDDN identifies the damage level for each member in the structure. Moreover, SDOF and MDOF examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of using the proposed method for damage detection of linear structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塑性岩体与逆冲构造变形关系讨论——库车坳陷西部实例分析

在冲断构造分析过程中 ,常常把塑性岩体仅仅作为滑脱层看待 ,忽略了一些地区塑性变形与冲断构造变形的复合作用。根据露头、钻井、地震等资料 ,应用平衡剖面等技术对库车坳陷西部的构造变形进行了恢复分析 ,发现库车坳陷西部的下第三系盐、膏、泥等塑性体受重力和构造应力联合作用发生了复杂的变形。以往单纯用冲断构造模式分析其成因机制 ,没能科学地反映中生界与新生界之间的变形缩短量的差异 ,通过塑性体的底辟变形和滑脱变形依存关系的剖析 ,能够恢复库车坳陷西部构造演化过程 ,进而为油气勘探提供指导。