1980年代以来英美城市社会极化问题及其研究

城市社会极化，是一种复杂的社会经济现象，是举世瞩目的现代社会问题。社会学家和地理学家从经济转变、种族、职业收入、财富分配、家庭结构和教育等多个角度对此进行了大量研究。本文着重介绍1980年代以来英美学者对社会极化问题的解释与论证，主要包括对城市社会极化的认识、新城市贫困(尤其是大城市中心区)的成因、种族隔离对少数民族(特别是黑人)的影响等方面。     

Local state restructuring and urban transformation in post-apartheid Cape Town

This paper analyzes processes of state restructuring at the scale of the local state and the city, exploring the social and political relationships generated through processes of reconstruction specifically in Elsies River, a formerly segregated `coloured' neighborhood in Cape Town. While the relationship between Elsies River residents and the local state has been characterized by an obsessive focus on housing debt, I examine the ways in which antagonism over housing problems overlie a broader relational disjuncture between neighborhood and state political and social networks. The specificity of this case provides a lens onto the ways in which processes of state restructuring both contest and reinforce racial, economic, and place-based inequalities in South African cities. The paper concludes by using the complexities of local state-neighborhood relationships in the South African case to reflect on geographical theories of state-society relations on a conceptual level. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

南京城市低收入居民被迫搬迁后的就业变动及影响因素

依托南京市郊区近千户城市拆迁安置家庭入户调查数据,对城市低收入居民被迫搬迁后的就业变动过程及形成原因开展统计分析,利用生命历程理论构建就业变动纵贯数据库,使用事件史分析模型动态模拟了被迫搬迁后城市低收入居民的就业变动经历,探究其影响因素。研究发现：① 90%以上的城市低收入居民被迫搬迁后经历了就业变动,就业变动集中发生在搬迁后的前4 a,研究期内人均变动1.5次;被迫搬迁后的就业变动类型多样、原因复杂,呈现明显的阶段差异,并非所有的就业变动都和被迫搬迁有关。② 性别、年龄、学历等个体社会经济属性,以及搬迁前后的职住空间关系对就业是否发生变动具有显著影响,搬迁时年龄越大、学历越低、女性、搬迁前职住距离较小、搬迁后职住距离较大以及前一年在中心城区工作受访者,就业发生变动的概率越大。③ 家庭搬迁年份较晚,社区周边就业机会增多以及新的地铁线开通,对个体就业变动发生呈现明显诱导作用,即就业岗位及其可达性对就业变动发生具有显著性影响。④ 前一年的职业类型对就业是否发生变动具有显著影响,具体表现为自营职业者比工作单位员工更不可能经历工作变化,意味着自营职业者的就业状态相对稳定;此外,家庭入住年数对受访者就业变动产生了显著影响,即随着时间推移,个体就业发生变动概率在降低,安置居民的就业状态趋向稳定。     

机场设施邻避效应对北京市住宅价格空间影响研究——以北京首都国际机场为例

城市发展过程中,大型公共基础设施的建设运营与居民居住空间品质的优化提升之间的矛盾日益突出。随着城市更新的不断深入,实现规划用地高效合理利用与人民生活宜居和谐的双赢目标成为城市规划建设的重中之重。由于机场设施存在较为明显的负向外部性,其邻避效应对周围住宅价格产生影响。本研究对首都国际机场运用特征价格模型分析“同邻避设施的距离”对住宅价格的影响,表征了在不同要素影响下邻避设施空间效应的量度,同时分析得出其对住宅价格的影响范围半径。主要研究结论如下：① 首都机场设施对周边住宅价格存在负面影响。在一定范围内,到机场设施的距离每减少1%,住宅价格平均降低0.586%。不同要素的影响力也存在差异。② 机场设施对住宅价格的空间影响范围为10 km,其空间效应随“同机场风险源距离”的增加而表现出减弱的趋势。此外,影响范围内的小区有149个,83.2%的小区分布在顺义区,受影响的户数约为13万。③ 机场设施的邻避效应空间影响存在方向异性,位于机场西部和南部的区域对周边住宅价格的影响范围整体大于位于机场北部和东部的区域。     

基于信息资源目录体系的网络信息检索方法

介绍了一种新的基于信息资源目录体系的检索模式.并以深圳市国土房产管理信息为研究对象,建立了国土房产管理信息资源目录体系及其服务系统.实践表明,该模式有效地提高了信息检索的查全率和查准率.     

国土房产信息资源核心元数据的构建研究

分析了国土房产信息资源的特点及目前国内外元数据的研究现状,介绍了方案的内容、元素的确定原则及设计方法,实现了国土房产信息资源核心元数据方案。     

Has the oil boom generated new problems of housing affordability in resource-driven agglomerations in Canada? A case study of St. John’s,Saskatoon, Calgary,Edmonton, and Fort McMurray, 1991–2011

Recent studies focused on Canadian metropolitan areas suggest that growing income inequality underlies problems of housing affordability for low- and moderate-income earners. This article investigates how unprecedented commodity-led economic growth between 1991 and 2011 has impacted housing affordability in five resource-driven agglomerations in Canada. Housing affordability is analyzed across income quintiles, looking at income, housing costs, tenure, housing quality, and housing debt. Using Statistics Canada Census microdata, we find that low- to mid-income earners faced the fastest relative increase in housing costs between 1991 and 2011, combined with small income gains over that period. Homeowners in the lowest income quintiles seem particularly vulnerable when carrying a mortgage, with economic volatility engendering greater risks of housing market contractions or job loss over time. Whereas previous literature has emphasized housing vulnerability in large metropolitan areas, the results highlight new patterns of risk-laden housing-related vulnerability in resource-driven regions in Canada.     

University Campuses and Housing Markets: Evidence from Nanjing

China has witnessed unprecedented growth of its universities in recent years. Because they function as a sort of urban quasi-public good, university campuses generate a variety of externalities within surrounding communities, including their impacts on adjacent housing markets. Through an analysis of the case of Nanjing, China, this study attempts to quantify the association between university campuses and housing markets in China and to help policymakers, planners, and community members better understand campus–community relationships more generally. The study yields the following findings. First, university campuses have been capitalized into the housing prices of their neighboring communities in Nanjing. Second, in the proximate communities, university campus spillover benefits involve trade-offs with the amenity values of other public goods. Third, campus capitalization effects vary across different tiers of universities. Based on the empirical results, we offer several policy implications, key among which are that policymakers need to acknowledge and rationally distribute the potential spillover benefits of the campus to multiple stakeholders; campus and residential communities should be planned synergistically to optimize land use efficiency; and universities should be fully engaged with their surrounding communities to maximize mutual benefits.     

Sustainable for whom? Green urban development,environmental gentrification,and the Atlanta Beltline

Large-scale, sustainable urban development projects can transform surrounding neighborhoods. Without precautionary policies, environmental amenities produced by these projects, such as parks, trails, walkability, and higher-density development, tend to result in higher land and housing costs. This will make it harder for a low- and moderate-income households to live near the projects, and neighborhoods are likely to become increasingly affluent. The Atlanta Beltline will ultimately connect 45 Atlanta neighborhoods via a 22-mile loop of trails, parks, and eventually a streetcar, all of which follow abandoned railroad tracks. This paper examines the effect of the Beltline on housing values within one half mile. From 2011 to 2015, depending on the segment of the Beltline, values rose between 17.9 percent and 26.6 percent more for homes within a half-mile of the Beltline than elsewhere. The implications for housing affordability and neighborhood change of projects like the Beltline, and associated policy questions, are addressed.     

I cannot afford to live alone in this city and I enjoy the company of others: why people are share housing in Sydney

ABSTRACT

Share housing is changing. Once considered a form of short-term housing and a lifestyle choice for young adults fresh out of the family home, share housing is increasingly playing a broader role into advanced adulthood. Recent work has claimed the emergence of Generation Rent; however, the reconfiguration of housing experiences is illustrated not only by renting but also by an increase in house sharing and the emergence of ‘Generation Share’ within the renting cohort. We know surprisingly little about share housing and its increasingly important role in housing. This paper draws upon exploratory research conducted on share housing in Sydney, Australia, and argues that share housing as traditionally understood is changing. Share housing has a widening demographic and it is driven primarily by economic factors. Despite this, the social affordances offered by share housing are highly valued. Share housing therefore offers us a unique lens into changing housing pathways and values and provokes us to think of ways to produce more socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable housing.